In what ways does Shakespeare make Duncan’s death dramatic? Essay

â€Å"Macbeth† is a tragedy filled with deceit, evil and ambition. However what makes this play so great is the way in which Shakespeare unfolds the drama to us. In the play â€Å"Macbeth†, Shakespeare makes the death of Duncan dramatic in many ways. A way in which Shakespeare makes Duncan’s death appear so dramatic is by the fact that his â€Å"loyal and trusted servant† is the one to kill him. This sense of irony heightens the drama as from the description of Macbeth, he would be the last person to expect this from. Macbeth is the hero of the play as well as being the villain and it is this dual role that makes the play seem so dramatic. Shakespeare adds a twist into the play by making Macbeth appear to be something which he is not. He is first presented to us as a loyal servant to the king and to Scotland. This is reflected by Duncan’s appreciative comments such as â€Å"more is thy due than more than all can pay† and the superlative â€Å"o worthiest cousin.† We are told that due to his heroic acts in the battlefield, he is going to replace the Thane of Cawdor, who has been deceitful, and betrayed Duncan. This tells us that Duncan has already been betrayed before. Macbeth is courageous and looks up to Duncan, to whom he sees it his duty to protect and honour. We find out that Duncan himself is not a fighter himself as he is unaware of what brutal things have happened on the battlefield because he says, â€Å"What bloody man is that? He can report, as seemeth by his plight† (Act 1, Scene 2, line 1) This tells us Duncan is the type of King who stays in his castle and leaves the soldiers do the fighting. There has been a civil war in Scotland, which indicates to us that Duncan’s kingship is being doubted, hence the reason for the Thane of Cawdor betraying him and thus becoming a traitor. We are also made aware of the central issue of the chain of Beings and the Divine Right of Kings. The order is God, King, Nobles and finally ordinary people. The King sees himself, as does everyone else, as God’s representative on Earth, and killing him is by far worse than killing an ordinary person. If the chain is ever broken chaos is said to break out and in this way Shakespeare makes Duncan’s death dramatic as by killing him, Macbeth will cause chaos because he is in fact murdering someone who has been chosen by God. Duncan is the King of Scotland. Recently there has been political unrest, and there has been an attempt to overthrow him. He is presented to us as a religious, innocent and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve man. Duncan is seen as naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. He says, â€Å"There’s no art to find the mind’s construction in the face†. (Act 1, Scene 4, line 11-12) This metaphor indicates to us that he is a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve man. He is so innocent that appears that it will be easy for Macbeth to take advantage of him. Here he claims that one cannot tell by looking at someone what they are thinking. As he believes this, he makes no attempt to see through people. This makes us question his judgement as he had built â€Å"absolute trust† on a man that had betrayed him. This also makes the audience wonder whether he will be deceived again by the man that will take the The Thane of Cawdor’s position and therefore add to the sense of drama by giving the audience a sense of intrigue. Macbeth is in a dilemma whether he should or should not kill the king. This is all revealed in Macbeth’s soliloquy where he speaks alone to the audience, revealing his inner most thoughts. This is a dramatic way in which Shakespeare lets us know what the characters are really thinking. In this speech Shakespeare creates a sense of catastrophe by the language with which he gives to Macbeth. He recognises that he should not do the â€Å"deed† when he states that as the â€Å"Host† † he should against his murderer shut the door not bear the knife myself.† This poetic language makes us realise that Macbeth is sensitive and adds a sense of drama as it makes us more aware that what he is doing is greatly wrong. The heavy sounding d of â€Å"deep damnation† sticks in the audiences ears as Macbeth is sensitive as indicated by the poetic language. â€Å"Hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will plead like angels, trumpet-tongu’d, against the deep damnation of his taking-off† (Act 1, Scene 7, line 18-20) The imagery of angels telling heaven and voices like trumpets to cry out against the deed, which is not what he wants, and so he eventually decides not to do it. This makes Duncan’s death dramatic because it is such a huge decision to make and there is a ‘twist and turn’ in him making his decision, and the fact that Duncan is linked with religious imagery in the form of angels. Shows the impact of the death high lighting that â€Å"every eye† shall be affected reinforcing what a loved man Duncan is Act Two opens dramatically with darkness surrounding the stage and the audience in suspense as to whether or not Macbeth will commit â€Å"the horrid deed.† However, by the end of the scene, Macbeth decides to kill Duncan, after being persuaded by his wife. Lady Macbeth has ambitions for him. She wants him to be king and has always wanted this for her husband, and is determined that he fulfils his ambitions. She persuades him and tells him her plan. All Macbeth has to do is put it into action. This leaves the ball in Macbeth’s court. Everything is set up for him, and all that is left for him to do is commit the murder, which also adds to the drama. Lady Macbeth also adds drama as she waits downstairs waiting for Macbeth to report to her after he has murdered Duncan. This leaves us in suspense over whether he is going to follow his own will or that of his wife, and we are kept in suspense. Just before killing Duncan, there is another soliloquy. Macbeth imagines that there is a dagger in front of him, which is guiding him towards killing Duncan. He is ready to kill, and he is in a horrific state. All the evil things are coming together, and he is breaking the order. In doing this, he is going against the Divine Right of Kings, and is going against the whole world. There is darkness and Macbeth does not want the whole world to see how evil he is. When the bell rings, that is the point where he proceeds to murder Duncan, who once again has failed to read ‘the minds construction in the face.’ We are not shown the killing and in this way it appears more dramatic as we are left to imagine for ourselves. After killing Duncan, Shakespeare makes things more dramatic and this is shown by the language that Shakespeare gives to Macbeth to convey his sense of guilt. He tells his wife, â€Å"One cried ‘God bless us!’ and ‘Amen’ the other, as they had seen me with these hangman hands, list’ning their fear, I could not say ‘Amen’ when they did say ‘God Bless us’.† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 29-32) Macbeth cannot pray, and this is shown to us when Macbeth is obsessed with his inability to say â€Å"Amen†, as he knows that he has been seen with his bloody hands after murdering Duncan. He is conscience stricken as he struggles to say â€Å"Amen†. Macbeth now feels cut off completely from God, and there is no longer a relationship between himself and God and because God has seen everything he has done, he can never turn to him again, and pray. Macbeth also feels haunted by a voice saying that he has murdered and will never sleep again, â€Å"Me thought I heard a voice cry, ‘sleep no more: Macbeth does murder sleep† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 37-39) Now Macbeth thinks he hears a voice that is telling him that he will never sleep again. All this makes Duncan’s death so dramatic, not because of the way Macbeth killed him, but the consequences going through Macbeth’s head afterwards. Not only is Macbeth unable to pray, but now he is unable to sleep as well. Also the fact that Macbeth feels that not even an entire ocean can wash his hands of the deed, suggests a state of total damnation. He says, â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash all this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incardine, making the green one red† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 63-64) Macbeth feels that not even an entire ocean can remove the guilt and wash the blood from his hands, and instead the countless masses of water will turn blood red, because there is so much of it, and the green sea a red sea. Macbeth’s guilt is expressed through the image of blood, and he believes no matter what he does or where he goes, the guilt will always be there with him. Macbeth finally admits how great the crime he has committed is, when he says, â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst† (Act 2, Scene 2, line 77) Macbeth wishes he could turn back time. He wishes that the moment when he plunged the dagger into Duncan’s flesh never happened, and that he could make it disappear. He says that if it were possible to bring Duncan back to life he would. This seals Macbeth’s misery, and makes the death seem even more dramatic because the murderer himself is miserable and regrets killing Duncan.

Help Seeking Behavior Health And Social Care Essay

Two reported eruptions of rubeolas in extremely immunized hilly countries were investigated under two bomber centres, viz. , Sailli and Sarah. In Sailli, the entire figure of instances were 51 with overall attack rate-6 % ; ( Sex Specific AR-male 12 % while female 7 % ) 4 ; and in Sarah there were 18 instances in all with overall onslaught rate as 4.2 % ; ( Sex specific AR-male 6.94 % and the female 7.2 % ) 5. All the instance patients belonged to 5 old ages plus age group ( Range being 5 old ages to 17 old ages ) during the period from September to November, 2006. The last reported eruption of rubeolas in the block was 8-9 old ages ago. During the same period no such eruptions were reported from any other blocks within the territory. Hence, a survey was undertaken with the aims ; ( 1 ) To depict the aid seeking behaviour of female parents of kids with and without rubeolas and the factors associated with it and ( 2 ) To urge appropriate remedial steps to forestall and command farther eruptions.MATERIALS AND METHODS:For this survey an in-depth reappraisal of the literature on the aid seeking behaviour of female parents and subsequent factors associated with rubeolas eruptions enabled choice of specific issues/factors. Many factors are reported to be associated with rubeolas such as geographically hard hilly countries, hapless socio-economic strata with unemployment ; marginalized subdivisions like scheduled castes/tribes ; illiteracy, overcrowding, beneficiary related issues like aid seeking behaviour of female parents ; community/mothers ‘ beliefs and barriers of people seeking health/help from the local chelllas/quacks/village elders/relatives/ neighbours/ /friends6. ( A ) Study design: A comparative survey. ( B ) Study period: 14th Nov. , to 14th Feb. , 2008. ( C ) Study country: Sub centres Sailli and Sarah, Shahpur block ( Measles outbreak Exposed ) and sub centres Mallan and Samloti of Nagrota Bagwan ( Measles not exposed ) block of territory Kangra which are more or less likewise placed. ( D ) Study population: Community members for Focus Group Discussions and female parents of kids ( from 5 old ages to 17 old ages ) with and without rubeolas of bomber centres Sailli and Sarah, Shahpur block ( Exposed ) and sub Centres Mallan and Samloti of Nagrota Bagwan comparative ( Non exposed ) block of territory Kangra. ( Tocopherol ) Sample size: Community members for 4 Focus Group Discussions ( FGD ) with ( two FGDs-one male and 2nd female ) for instances. One FGD consists of 20 males and likewise, 2nd one with 20 females individually under Shahpur block and equal Numberss of FGDs for comparing under Nagrota Bagwan block ; and all female parents of entire 69 instance patients of two eruptions in the Shahpur block with exposure to rubeolas ( 5 old ages to 17 old ages with average 9 old ages ) in survey country with equal number-age and sex matched in comparative Nagrota Bagwan block were taken while the population features were the same. ( F ) Operational definitions of Measless: WHO definition: We defined a instance as the happening of febrility with roseola with or without cough ; rhinitis and pinkeye in a occupant of the small towns under bomber Centres Sailli and Sarah of Shahpur block ( Kangra ) between 1st September to 30th November 2006.( G ) Data aggregation technique and tools: Study squad:Beneficiary related issues: We carried out an appraisal of aid seeking behaviour of female parents of instances and female parents of age and sex matched controls in comparative block utilizing Focus Group Discussions ( FGDs ) and in-depth interviews of all female parents of entire 69 instance patients with exposure to rubeolas in survey and comparative blocks. For this exercising, we constituted two squads of wellness workers. In each squad, there were six wellness workers ; three males and three females and they were supervised by two male wellness supervisors. The whole squad was trained and supervised by two senior med ical officers. This procedure was carried out by interviews utilizing check list of inquiries and interview agenda utilizing qualitative standardised questionnaire. We besides compared the responses for four FGDs and in-depth qualitative interviews of all female parents of entire 69 instance patients of two eruptions in survey Shahpur and comparative Nagrota Bagwan blocks. We sought and obtained clearance from ethical commission from National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai. We analyzed the informations by MS-excel sheet, Stat calc and utilizing Epi info version 3.3.2.Consequence:Brief description of both countries: Topographically and demographically, both blocks are more or less likewise placed. Both the survey blocks are hilly situated at the height of 2600 pess to 2900 pess above the sea degree. Population features of both blocks are more or less same. 25-30 % of SC/ST and 4-5 % of ST with 30 % of OBC classs and remainder others constitute the caste constellation. In instance block, we have 36 bomber centres, 5 primary wellness centres, one community wellness Centre with 90 % of the adult male power in place while in comparative block, 38 bomber Centres, 5 primary wellness Centres and two community wellness Centres with 95 % of human resource in place.Beneficiaries related issues:Distribution of baseline features in the survey group: Age: The average age of the instance and comparative groups kids was 9 old ages while mean was 9.6 and the manner was 6 ( scope being 5-17years ) , as the survey was matched for age and sex merely. So, out of 69 instances, 35 ( 51 % ) instance group and comparative group were ?9 old ages and 34 ( 49 % ) kids were & A ; gt ; 9years of age. Sexual activity: The proportion of the males in instances and controls were high 43 ( 62.3 % ) while those of the females were 26 ( 37.7 % ) . Religion: All instance and comparative groups were belonging to Hindu faith. Type of household: Merely 45 instances ( 65.2 % ) and 49 ( 71.0 % ) were holding the atomic households. The cultural epidemiology and aid seeking behaviour of female parents of kids in Shahpur and Nagrota Bagwan blocks were assessed with ( I ) Focus Group Discussions and ( two ) for in-depth qualitative interviews, we recruited all 69 female parents for entire instance patients and equal Numberss in 1st comparative group from Shahpur block and 2nd one from non rubeolas Nagrota Bagwan block. They were exposed to the selected variables for cognizing socio-economic position ; the community every bit good as the personal beliefs/barriers of the female parents of the affected and non affected countries coupled with cognition, attitude and pattern ; clip and distance from wellness attention installation ; attitude towards the heath system variables etc. In the Shahpur/Nagrota Bagwan blocks, 20 females and 20 males from the different nearby small towns participated in each block. The educational degrees of the females participants in Shahpur/Nagrota Bagwan blocks varied from nonreaders ( 24/8 in figure ) ; 5th criterion ( 10/6 ) ; Middle criterion ( 4/10 ) Matric criterion ( 2/16 ) while those of the males participants fluctuated from nonreaders ( 14/6 in figure ) ; 5th criterion ( 16/12 ) ; Middle criterion ( 2/10 ) ; Matric criterion ( 6/10 ) to Graduate ( 2/2 ) . In Shahpur block, the two groups of the participants had a sum of 43 ( 40 three ) kids, out of which 15 have suffered from rubeolas. All the kids were immunized against rubeolas. In Nagrota Bagwan block, the two groups of the participants had a sum of 36 ( 30 six ) kids, out of which six have suffered from rubeolas. All the kids were immunized against rubeolas. From the above noted four FGDs ( 40 males and 40 females ) and in-depth qualitative interviews, ( 69 female pare nts of instance block and 69 female parents of comparative block ) , we concluded the undermentioned critical points from all the respondents of both blocks. In Shahpur and Nagrota Bagwan blocks, rubeolas is locally known as Dharrssali largely, ( 80 % ) followed by less known as Chhotti mata ( 15 % ) and the least as Bodri ( 5 % ) . For bodily experience of rubeolas, 95 % respondents in Shahpur block have the personal experience in over 5 old ages of age but 25 % respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block do non hold the bodily experience of rubeolas outbreak in the country. All rubeolas related information has been largely heard or got from other beginnings. On aetiologic standing, 68 % respondents under Shahpur block property rubeolas to the expletive of goddess-Mata Ka vardaan hei and hence no flight path while the 55 % respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block grade contagion-chhoot is the causative factor. For wellness ( aid ) seeking behaviour of female parents, bulk ( 68 % ) of the respondents under Shahpur block spell by the established community belief and barrier that the free traditional intervention by faith therapists who recites mantras and Vannan shrubs motion on the organic structure and face of the instance patient for three to five yearss ; followed by 12 % by small town elders/neighbors/friends/relatives and in conclusion, if needed, confer withing physicians in the nearby wellness attention installations. 85 % of the people of the instance country go for the traditional therapists. The cost of intervention scopes from nil to Rs.350/- for Shahpur block whereas that of Nagrota Bagwan block, it is Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1200/- merely. 59 % of the respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block prefer modern system of intervention. For the inoculation of the kids, they have to go as long hilly distance as over 6-10 kilometers on pes devouring 3/4th hr to 2 and ? hr for nearest available wellness attention installation with long waiting clip in uncertainness. For the first aid when their kid falls badly, as per their community/mothers ‘ beliefs, Shahpur block chiefly goes for faith therapists but the minority educated females ( 18 % ) from immature coevals insist for allopathic intervention while Nagrota Bagwan block respondents ( 65 % ) opts for authorities wellness attention installations but the minority older coevals ( 14 % ) still advocates for religion healing. Nutritional attention to the Dharrssali ( Measles ) afflicted kid is given in the signifier of restricted diet, Saunfi Banaksha, illaychi, decoction made of Gur ( Local autochthonal intervention expression ) . Seul ( Heat emancipating comestible ) should be given in copiousness and smoke Sarson ( Mustard seeds ) is blown under the fingerstall of the patient and the fried points be avoided. As a follow up patterns in the station recovery stage from unwellness, 58 % respondents from Shahpur block invoke the approvals of the goddess Sheetla. 69 % respondents acknowledge the visit of the local wellness worker one time in a month while in Nagrota Bagwan block, 74 % female parents confirms the frequence of visit of worker as twice in a month. For immunisation, 85 % respondents in instance block and 90 % in 2nd block go for inoculation in their several bomber Centres at the age of nine months to one twelvemonth. It is 100 % female parents all the manner who take kids to the Centre for inoculation. Protective value of vitamin A supplementation has been emphasized by 45 % respondents from Nagrota Bagwan block. 94 % of the respondents for instance block have indicated their pick Centre for immunisation and wellness seeking patterns for the common complaints in the center of small town which should be easy accessible with regular handiness of the worker at bomber Centre Sailli.Discussion:Our survey consequences need to be interpreted in context of the major factor, viz. donees ‘ related issues. The consequences of FGDs in two countries suggest difference in two countries with regard to knowledge sing cause of rubeolas, aid seeking behaviour, intervention and follow-up patterns. Illiteracy and cognition are complimentary. Added with beliefs and barriers in the present survey, many important factors like geographically hard hilly countries, nonreader female parents, marginalized subdivisions like scheduled castes/tribes ; poorness etc are more inclined towards traditional unscientific lines in footings of cause and consequence. Measles is locally known as Dharrssali. Shahpur block hypothesize the generation of rubeolas as expletive of goddess despite high immunisation coverage in the countries. Mahapatro M et Al observed that bhattara tribal adult females believe that rubeolas ( gundi ) and varicella ( maa ) occur due to the wrath of the Goddess ( thakurani ) on the patient, they visit the ‘desari ‘ instead than a medical practitioner7. More crowded instances of rubeolas are at that place d ue to their individual roomed adjustment and poorness in instance block. For the first aid when their kid falls badly, as per their community /mothers beliefs, Shahpur block chiefly goes for free of cost religion therapists. A good ball of female parents of the instance country go for the traditional intervention merely because of poorness and illiteracy in the country coupled with stiff personal and community beliefs The other grounds may be ill-mannered behaviour of wellness suppliers with hard handiness and handiness of the wellness suppliers with long waiting clip in uncertainness. The cost of intervention is non easy low-cost for Shahpur block. Jagrati V et Al observed that besides economic barriers, the other 1s are hapless agencies of transit and long distances8. Nutritional attention to the Dharrssali afflicted kid is given in the signifier of restricted diet, Saunfi Banaksha, illaychi, decoction made of Gur. Seul ( Heat emancipating comestible ) should be given in copiousne ss and smoke Sarson ( Mustard seeds ) is blown under the fingerstall of the patient which eases rubeolas roseola to break out shortly. Avoid the fried points. Restricted nutrient with Seul rich diet during rubeolas was more operable in instance block. Belief barriers like nutrient and fruit turning away farther enhances vitamin A lack. The badness and continuance of unwellness were less in Shahpur instance block with vitamin A supplementation. Vitamin A supplementation has the protective function in cut downing the morbidity and mortality during the rubeolas outbreaks9. Mayfong Mayxay et Al recorded that the proportion of parents who practiced nutrient turning away behaviour was higher in the group with measles10 which agree with our survey consequences. The community ailment beliefs are more powerful in instance block like bulks of respondents in Shahpur block believe that rubeolas has to look one time in life clip owing to the approvals of Sheetla mata-the culprit of the unwellnes s. As a follow up patterns in the station recovery stage from unwellness, so they invoke the approvals of the goddess Sheetla. On the other manus, population in Nagrota Bagwan block were cognizant of rubeolas as a disease caused by close contact with septic individual, resorted to intervention and followup by qualified physicians at healthcare installation. Mothers in comparative block country had better entree to healthcare installations as compared to instance country. From in deepness interviews it was apparent that though socio-cultural and economic factors were more favourable among comparative group female parents as compared to instance respondents. The surveies by Ratho RK11 et Al, VK Desai et al12, Murray M and Rasmussen Z13, Jagvir Singh et al14, R. F. Grais et al15 and Munesh SK et al16 support our observations.Restrictions:Recall prejudice could hold occurred with regard to remembrance of immunisation of the kids of the both survey countries. However, the prejudice could use to both survey countries. So the prejudice would be non derived function.Decision:-Majorities of the female parents with or without rubeolas in the hills seek traditional first aid ( such as intervention seeking and follow-up patterns of female parents ) during unwellness to quacks/chelas/faith therapists on history of hapless socio-cultural, economic factors ; myths and misconceptions ; malformed beliefs and barriers. -Distant and hard entree to healthcare installation in geographically tough countries is besides one of precipitating factors.Recommendations:Aggressive Information, Education and Communication ( IEC ) activities should be addressed towards modifying the aid seeking behaviour of female parents in the territory, particularly in the rubeolas affected countries. It has to be targeted and boosted for economic and societal behavioural alteration instead than informing the community. The duty has to be shared both by wellness suppliers, wellness searchers and community. Access to wellness attention installation needs to be improved through proviso of nomadic services on a regular basis in the distant countries.

Human behavior Essay

Behavior of individuals in various settings is at times very difficult due to ethical constraints. This includes the investigation of why people take risks or gamble with their decision making processes. However, it is quite interesting to note that on situations which are not so threatening for individuals, it is apparent that people typically take risks in picking their options or when making their final choice. The following shows available data on human motivation and the theories surrounding the topic. Risk taking is defined as â€Å"engaging in any activity with an uncertain outcome,† as one scholar puts it. Theories of Motivation on Risk Taking Different theories describe and explain risk taking and why human beings are motivated to pursue or engage in activities or behavior that put their lives in much danger or create an element of risk of whatever form. The following are taken from current literature in the field of human behavior analysis. 1. Psychoanalytic or Psychodynamic Theory. Following the tradition of Freud, human motivation to take risks is taken from the basic understanding that when people feel fear in a certain situation or occasion, it is not good to overcome that fear. Freudian theory condemns outrightly risk taking as plain insanity. It reasons that to risk man’s very life has no warrant at all. It is nonsense. In other important spheres of life, however, to risk is inevitable and deemed necessary. There are many successful people in the business world who are known as risk takers (Llewellyn, 2003). They succeed, in fact, because of this unique attitude in them which is considered foolhardy in other realms. While it is true that life is the most precious commodity a man could ever possess, and to risk it is foolishness, it is equally true that not to risk at all in other areas means cowardice and immobility. Psychoanalysts even treat risk-taking behavior as a symptom of â€Å"a diseased mind. † Because for them, life is not to be gambled, therefore, it is insanity when someone chooses bungee-jumping as his/her sport (Llewellyn, 2003). 2. The Evolutionary Theory. Evolutionary theory explained man’s adventurous nature as simply an expression of his primal instincts (Llewellyn, 2003). Assuming that Darwin’s theory is correct, that man evolved from apes like common animal, a human early in the evolutionary process had to fight for his life to survive. This survival nature, according to this theory, is retained in modern man’s genetic make up (Llewellyn, 2003). This is the reason why even those people in the elite echelon of society choose to use their favorite sport like riding a dirigible as their campaign tool to promote their business. The problem with this theory is that it has remained to be unproven and lacking in evidences as yet. Humans are not proven to have descended from apes. 3. Contemporary Theories a. Extroversion and Introversion Personality theories contend that this two broad scope of personality traits capture the individual’s propensity towards behaving in certain ways. Extroversion helps explain why some people tend to be outgoing and hence, the greater the probability to engage in risky decisions (Llewellyn, 2003). b. Emotional Stability and Neuroticism This is another of the Contemporary theories that shed light on traits that remain stable over a period of time, clearly indicating which may best describe an individual and what differs him/her from another. Emotionally stable people, as those who posit on this model, may take risks but have taken many things to great lengths in order to get the best possible option or alternative (Llewellyn, 2003). Conversely, people who are more on the neuroticism side manifest the greater tendency to take risks without much weighing on the consequences. The tendency to be impulsive is to a higher degree present in individuals under this category. 4. Eysenck and Costa and McCrae’s model These two theorists added their own version to the array of personality theories. The former has the Psychoticism versus Humaneness dimension while the latter two theorists added three dimensions: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. The main argument against these classifications is its narrowness in explaining and categorizing the complexities that make human behavior (Llewellyn, 2003). While they help explore different behaviors or attitudes, there are more that remained unexplained. Until now, certain serial killers or murderers, defy the above mentioned explanations of human behavior. 5. The Zuckerman ‘Sensation Seeking Trait’ Although an expansion on one of the features of Psychoticism and Humaneness model, Sensation Seeking helps also explain the differences between individuals. There are people who do have a higher degree of this trait; like more men seek sensation-enhancing-experiences or â€Å"venturesome† traits, while others have very minimal of this trait. This is what Zuckerman refers to in his Sensation seeking trait theory. What other experts consider as this theory’s limitation is embedded in the matter of other personality traits’ influence on risk taking behavior other than this trait by itself. Studies reveal that the psychological profiles of risk takers are diverse and the universality of this trait is still further being investigated (Llewellyn, 2003). Risk taking is a fascinating area of interest for many students of human behavior. When explored through the eyes of a Psychoanalyst, the subject becomes even more intriguing because Freudian understanding possesses an attractive alternative to the more cognitive way of assessing risk taking behavior. When the subject of evolutionary psychology of explaining risk taking behavior is concerned, it contains a ring of truth in it that many today are convinced of its manner of explaining behavior. Instinct is still a potent facet in behavior that cannot be eradicated from the study of behavior of humans (Llewellyn, 2003). When people are confronted with the distinctiveness of the human personality, the dimensions are almost unlimited; some experts opt for the multi-dimensional method while others choose the narrow and concise way. All of these approaches have their strengths and weaknesses; degree of breadth and limitations. However, they are good and profitable for jumpstarting further explorations into the human psyche and its accompanying expressions. Reference: 1. Llewellyn, David J. 2003. The Psychology of Risk Taking. Accessed in www. risktaking. co. uk.

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Productivity Growth and Real Wages - Essay Example The common man is actually not getting the benefits from the productivity growth 1. An appreciable rise in both productivity and wage structure was witnessed through the 1950s and 1960s, which slowed down in the 70s and 80s 5. However, the 1990’s saw a good and steady rise in productivity and therefore the benefits of the growth were seen by the increase in the wages 1. In the US, the real wage growth was weak in the early 1990s, but it rose from 1994, in response to the accelerating productivity, up to 2004 after which it showed a downward trend mainly attributed to increasing energy costs 3. The recession witnessed in the early 2000s resulted in a downward trend with respect to wages, even though the productivity was high 1. According to a report the median real wages for all workers increased by 1.4% per year between 1995 and 2003, which was less than half the rate of productivity growth 2. Another news article published in a website quotes a 2% decline in the median hourly wages for American workers since 2003, despite the steady rise in productivity 5.This inequality in wage distribution can be attributed chiefly to the bargaining power of workers in case of high productivity. Employee unions play a vital role this bargain. However, the workers ability to bargain has considerable diminished, thus preventing them from enjoying the fruits of the ir own labor 1. Some reasons cited for this reduced bargaining power include global trade, immigration, layoffs and technology 5. Inflation shares an inverse relationship with wage distribution and so does fringe benefits such as health care 1, 5. Education status and working skills of workers also plays a vital role in determining the wages 4. Another point made is that only the top 10% enjoyed the real benefits of productivity growth leaving the rest of the 90% with very less growth in terms of wages 3, 4.According to the Baumols Law, mobility in labor will result in an increase in wages so

Legal and Ethical Issues in Health Care Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal and Ethical Issues in Health Care - Article Example A doctor is supposed to work towards the safety of a patient which is lacking in this short film. The dignity and respect of the patient is violated and her value of life is taken with less importance. We can see the autonomy of medical experts and physicians in this film. They have right and privilege to treat their patients with their own mind frame. The patients have fewer choices and remain a victim at their hands. There is no justice with the action of doctors as they are acting for their gain. The patient is a sufferer and an observer with no one to speak or act for her. Here we can see the discrepancies, injustice and malpractices in the health care all over the world. Patients many a times become an experimental object, money making machine for the doctors. The powerlessness of the patient can be clearly seen in this film. The doctors are supposed to display altruism, ethics and morality in their profession. We cannot see any of these aspects in the doctors who were treating the women called Vivian. The doctors were selfish, opportunist and immoral. Even while the woman was suffering from side effects, they did not do much to relieve her from pain and discomfort. The woman is treated with less care and attention. Eventually she dies because of the carelessness and unprofessionalism of the doctors. The patients are not treated with confidentiality and her life is just a matter of experiment for the doctors. This ethical issue can be seen in many doctors and they just use patient for their benefit and consider less about the sensitivity and emotions. In this film, we can see that the woman who is the patient is undergoing a change in her person hood throughout their experience with the disease. When she is undergoing treatment she thinks of her past and good days. As she approaches death, she thinks she could have been more kind to people. We can see her personhood as changed as

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance Coursework - 3

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance - Coursework Example When individuals are aware of uncertainties, they can design techniques to protect themselves (Briggs & Friedman, 2009). The desire to acquire substantial material wealth has lead many Americans achieve success through fraud and force, which has been considered smart for many years (Simon, 2008). Therefore, the American culture has assigned significant social importance to the formation of gangsters, which are aimed at robbing other people of their properties. It is apparent that the American Dream encourages deviance in the United States society. The American society is considered as comprised of two different populations. One of the two populations is made up of criminals, while the other population is made up of law-abiding individuals (Simon, 2008). The American elites served as role models to average individuals in the society. Therefore, elite deviance has influenced the non-elites to engage in criminal activities without any feeling of guilty (Simon, 2008). According to elite deviance, it is necessary for individuals to engage in criminal activities when they get an opportunity to do so (Briggs & Friedman, 2009). Inter-organizational cooperation has been involved by the elite deviance for a number of years to perform unethical and illegal acts, such as money laundering (Simon, 2008). Both non-elite and elite deviance are expected to be higher when there is more emphasis on the values that are related to the American Dream than when the culture focuses on values such as team work, spirituality, and community (Simon, 200 8). Thio, Calhoun, & Conyers (2008) define privileged deviance as a very profitable deviance that involved privileged individuals, especially those people who are relatively powerful, well educated, or wealthy. Such individuals take advantage of their high ranks and divert lots of wealth to their bank accounts as well as fund their own projects. Privileged individuals engage themselves in criminal

Maggot Therapy in the Healing of Recalcitrant Infected Leg Wounds Essay

Maggot Therapy in the Healing of Recalcitrant Infected Leg Wounds - Essay Example Accurate figures of the incidence of infected leg wounds turning into recalcitrant ulcers have not been easy, as many of patients with such wounds prefer to be treated at home. Simka and Majeswki, 2003, estimate that in the United Kingdom the annual incidence of infected wounds turning into leg ulcers, as a result of venous insufficiency is 3.5 per 1000 individuals. With the elderly population in the developed world increasing as a result of the increased life expectancy the incidence of such infected wounds is expected to rise. In addition the possibility of such leg wounds recurring is high and Walker et al, 2000, point out that such infected leg wounds could take as long as thirteen months to heal. The impact of such long periods of disability on their normal activities and the economic impact of their inability to undertake their work responsibilities increases the responsibility of the healthcare professionals to seek ways and means of causing the healing of such infected leg ulcers within the shortest possible period of time. It is against this backdrop that complementary therapies to the currently employed management and care pathways of recalcitrant infected leg wounds gains significance. A part of this responsibility may be attributed to the underlying pathologies, but as the underlying pathologies cannot be wished away, it becomes important that alternate care pathways that reduce the healing times and increase the possibility of quicker successful outcomes be considered and more so when there is sufficient evidence that suggests the consideration of such therapies.

Aztec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Aztec - Essay Example Initially the Aztecs did farming for a living. There is no doubt that the Aztecs had a very developed economic system. Their economy advanced because they built irrigation canals and terraces in the mountains for maximum crop growing. The Aztec used barter for trading due to the lack of a concept of the monetary system. However, this later developed into a stable monetary system. Although for a long time they had no money , they used salt, cocoa beans or cloth as currency. The idea of a monetary system was very well established and they were far advanced than other civilizations in their time when it came to transactions. Later they began trading using gold coins and copper knives. From this follows our modern currency. The Aztecs were responsible for developing a formal government with the emperor at the head of the civilization. This allowed the distribution of the civilization into twenty clans as well as other government officials such as merchants, priests and nobles who were responsible for running the society in an orderly manner. They were also responsible for collecting tribute from neighbouring provinces which clearly helped the economy of Aztec. The merchants although ranked below the nobles in terms of social class, were an important part of the Aztec society. They were largely responsible for creating the market economy in the society by their trade activities, whereby they traveled far and wide in order to make money on traded goods. They often lived separately from the civilization and enjoyed special privileges. They formed their own guilds which are mainly precursors to today's trade organizations and unions and laid the concept of trading rules and regulations carried out through these guilds. Hence, they laid the foundations of organized trade and therefore a market economy. (Smith and Masson; 2000) Trade Market Laws The Aztecs ensured fair trade through laws. The markets were patrolled by officers who ensured that there was no cheating and that the buyers were getting a fair deal. The organization was crucial because the markets were very large in number. Conclusion The civilization is not just a case of the past, to be forgotten and erased from our minds. The civilization is to be taken lessons from because the Aztecs were what shape the modern Mexican culture today and many aspects of modern Mexico can be traced directly from the Aztec empire. A question remains unanswered however. We have yet to understand the extent to which trade would have been possible today had the proper market economy in the Aztec civilization been not established References Smith.M and M.Masson (2000). The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica: A Reader Blackwell Publishing Fagan.B.(1996).The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University

LISTENING ASSIGNMENT FORMAT FOR ASSIGNMENT 3 VIDEO REPORT

LISTENING FORMAT FOR 3 VIDEO REPORT - Assignment Example He does comping, which is the act of play chords in a lovely fashion that creates rhythms. The music that he plays accompanies the melodies that leave everyone satisfied. The bass players move back and forth especially when the soloist takes a break. Their main job in this piece of jazz song is to play the roots of the chords. They also lay down a great groove. In this song, they act as a stem when compared to a tree as they keep everything coordinated and together. They are the foundation, the pulse and the glue of the song. The drum players in this song act as exciters especially when approaching the climax of the song. As the soloist starts off, they introduce the rhythm accents together with other instrumentalists. In the song â€Å"just by myself† their importance is greatly seen. The horn players create a jazz atmosphere and rhythm. The sequence of the event in the song started off with the piano first played before the other instruments for the introduction of the song then the vocalist sang. The vocalist sang the song with all instruments played together at once. After the vocalist, the instruments had a solo with the vocalist taking a break. After the singer was done, the pianist was first focused followed by the guitarist, bass player, drummer, and trumpeter. First solo is guitar and piano played together with other instrument accompanying it. The guitarist used the rhythm guitar. After guitar and piano solo, the trumpet was muted giving emphasis on the other instruments. The technique d one in the performance wherein the trumpet plays quietly as the singer sings is known obbligato. At last, the singer stared singing, the trumpet was played as well, and it can be observed that both play independently. The solo was pretty successful as everything was kept synchronized and in a perfect flow. This was interesting to listen to. Moaning is an Arthur Blakely and Jazz Messengers jazz album recorded in 1958 in

Using a Large Number of Ratios to Perform a Complete Ratio Analysis of Essay

Using a Large Number of Ratios to Perform a Complete Ratio Analysis of a Firm - Essay Example It is of great significance that the ratios must be benchmarked against a standard in order for them to possess a meaning. Keeping that into account, the comparison is usually conducted between companies portraying same business and financial risks, between industries and between different time periods of the same company. Profitability Ratios Gross profit margin is an analyzing tool which assists in identifying how effectively and efficiently the company is utilizing its raw materials [1], variable cost related to labor and fixed costs such as rent and depreciation of property plant and equipment. The ratio is calculated by dividing the sales revenue by the gross profit. Net profit margin, on the other hand analyzes the profitability of the company before deducting the taxation and finance charges from the earnings. The ratio is calculated by dividing the profit before interest and tax with the sales revenue of the current financial period. The ratio highlights how well the company is managing its selling and administrative expenses it also highlights the other income generated by the company during the course of its operations. Return on capital employed (ROCE) is, according to the analyst, is considered to be the most significant ratio. in order to evaluate a company’s performance from an investor’s point of view. ROCE measures a company’s ability to earn a return on all of the capital that is being employed by the company [3]. The ratio is calculated as net income upon total capital employed, which is the sum of debt and equity financings. Earnings per share (EPS) are considered one of the most important financial ratios from the investor’s point of view. The ratio highlights the average earnings from the shares transacted and is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to the common share holders and multiplying them with the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. The liquidity ratio measures the company’s ability to pay its short term liabilities. The ratio illustrates that how quickly a company can convert its assets into cash and cash equivalent in order to pay off its short term liabilities [3]. The most commonly used liquidity ratio, the current ratio, which is calculated by comparing the current assets and current liabilities. The strengthened the current ratio the more ability the company has to pay its debts and short term obligations over the next 12 months. An overall analysis of the ratio would portray that in all the years the company had enough assets to pay off its obligations and debts. The acid test, which is also regarded as the quick ratio, is calculated by subtracting the inventory balance from the total current assert balance. . Out of the current assets mentioned, inventories are regarded as the one which takes comparatively more time to be converted into cash or cash equivalent. Receivable turnover represents how quickly the cash is received from the debtors. The ratio is calculated by dividing the revenue generated from the sales by the receivable balance as mentioned in the balance sheet of t he company. The formula calculates the number of times the debtors are turned over during a year. The higher the value the more efficient the management is or it could also mean that the debts are more liquid. Inventory turnover represents how quickly a company’s inventory is sold, which can be calculated by div

Comparing Two Computer Advertisements Two Computer advertisements Essay Example for Free

Comparing Two Computer Advertisements Two Computer advertisements Essay Whether you like it or not, the media, to a large extent, defines your life and the way you think. It includes television, cinema, radio, video, magazines, books , the internet and newspapers. In this essay I will be taking an analytical look at two computer advertisements that caught my attention in two different newspapers, namely The Guardian, and The Sun. What is amazing is the amount of space taken up by both advertisements. Both adverts can be categorized as advertorials as the companies they represent are describing and promoting their respective products. As the Guardian is a broadsheet and The Sun a tabloid, it goes without saying that each will target a different audience. The content in text A features a computer and tells the reader about the software and hardware that they are trying to sell. The article is written in quite a persuasive style. The Macintosh Performa in text A is advertised in The Sun and makes use of an attention-grabbing heading that is also ambiguous: Difficult. Temperamental. Hard to understand. On a quick glance at the text and looking at the picture of a sullen-looking boy, one is ready to make the association about a boy who is possibly throwing a tantrum. And it is in the ambiguity where the punch-line lies. Unlike the boy who will be tantrumming from time to time, with the Macintosh Performa, theres no frustrating, baffling patience-trying set-up procedures. The layout is really spectacular. The article takes up an entire page. The main text is set out in three columns, relatively densely printed with early paragraphs playing on the implication that both computers and children can be Difficult. Temperamental. Hard to understand. The rest of the text stresses that the Performa is a well-behaved and versatile computer. The text is broken up by the use of two line drawings of the computer and the software. The tone of the text is reassuring, helpful, and stresses accessibility of the Performas functions. The price of the computer is tactically delayed until the third column: The price of the computer start at just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,099. The reader or prospective buyer will at this point feel that it is worth every penny with all its functions. There is also a constitutional reference to the model featured and appears in very small print at the foot of the page. And a list of dealers is also in very small print at the foot of the page. Advertisement B shows a weak distant view of the front of an Aptiva computer. The company that promotes this product is IBM and their logo is located in the right hand corner at the bottom of the page. The complete system is there for the reader to see. I also think that they are trying to tempt the reader as they use a cluster of adjectives: Loud, colourful, fast-moving, enjoyable, stuff The immediate contrast between the two texts is the layout. Unlike text A, that has three columns, text B has no columns, only paragraphs with sub-headings. And this makes the advert appear dull and unattractive to the readers. But then again, the audience in this case is different to that of text A. As this advertisement appears in the broadsheet newspaper, its readers are usually keen business people and the emphasis is not so much on entertainment but on efficiency and cutting edge technology. Therefore, when the price 1,799 is quoted the reader will not be surprised at all. However, a touch of humor is added when OK, maybe not for dogs. appears in very small print next to the price. This humorous note may have been included to discourage readers from dwelling on the price. Reference to the model featured appears in a very small print at the foot of the page. The heading is fairly conventional, using bold, white lettering against a black background. The main text is set out in paragraphs and the word Stuff is repeated in the large 5 sub-headings. The tone of the text is light-hearted, whimsical, with a joke in each of the first two sections. You can also see the TOYS R US logo under the photo of the computer which tells you they are the outlets for the new Aptiva. Both advertisements use persuasive techniques for example, repetition in text B the word stuff. The word stuff gives it a more colloquial style. Of the two advertisements I liked the Performa more as it appears to be very user friendly: As soon as you plug it in, the Performa can run, However, it needs to be said, that when you buy an Aptiva, you buy into a new lifestyle.

The Impact Of Fashion

The Impact Of Fashion Fashion and Identity Long ago people started wanting to stand out from the crowd and tried be different from other people by means of changing their clothing. This was the moment when fashion first appeared. Currently, fashion is sometimes defined as a constantly changing trend. However, it is necessary to say that at present moment fashion has a deeper influence on the life of people and possess more than just trifling reasons for its existence. Fashion through clothing has become an integral part of self-realization of every person. People have been using clothing and accessories for many years to decorate the human body. From various parts of the world people present themselves in different ways and they may follow certain trends and make their own trends and trademarks. Fashion changes regularly with respect to time and location. For many centuries clothes gave out some message by those who wore it. Some trends were maintained in clothing in order to follow the cultural traditions. Fashion and style changed from each era. The major change occurred after the World War I; it shocked everyone by their own styles and morals. In the early days people used to wear clothes in such a way that the appearances of them give out the gender, age, economic class and sometimes their intentions. Fashion is a medium through which people communicate about their occupation, class and wealth. Apart from the dresses we wear there are other features for fashion like hairstyles, makeup and accessories like jewelry. People were more conserve and obligated in the past but it completely changed their life styles by cutting their hair, having tattoos and piercing their body. An important aspect of fashion is the relationship it maintains with the society, which has become more complex in the recent years. Whatever clothes we wear give out a statement to the world about us, which reveals some information about our status in the society. People were much influenced psychologically and physically by fashion and its trends. Fashion is an overlapping and interconnection of bodies which involves in promotion and production of dress and the actions performed by the individuals acting when they are dressed. Fashion clothing examines the connection between colonization and clothing material. People are spiritual and social beings, where their identity is affected by clothes in both realms. Modern tyrannies attacked the spiritual authorities of various cultures directly or indirectly by abandoning the traditional dress they need to wear and wear the clothes of modernity like party clothes of various communist moments and clothes worn by those riding the waves of fashion. Any discussion of clothing must also consider the implications of the style of clothing that is these days overwhelming all other forms of clothing: the modern Western attire. It almost abolished all distinctions among people, race or language, religion or culture or tradition.   Western dresses were developed with a certain conception of what it means to be human. Western dresses first emerged in Medieval Europe among the high classes, in a world still attached to a semblance of tradition, but, like other habits of the Western elite, it eventually became the habit of the masses, once it had become relatively affordable and readily available. There is one area where most of the part has not succumbed to the temptations of the Western mode of dress that is the clothing of women in traditional and Eastern societies. While men have almost completely abandoned their traditional dress and adopted the uniforms of the West, either of the conformist or consumerist type, women not only hold fast to their traditional clothing in their own societies, but that they choose to wear them in the progressive West, while their men are wearing suits, sneakers and jeans. Clothing does depict that a persons character can be changed or modified. It brings even honor and respect to the people. In Macbeth, the image of clothing is used to suggest that throughout the play, Macbeth tries to hide himself from his eyes and from others. Shakespeare wants to keep alive the ironical contrast between the wretched creature that Macbeth really is and the disguises he assumes to conceal that fact. Secondly, honors are thought of as garments to be worn; likewise, Macbeth is constantly represented symbolically as the wearer of robes for honor. Fashion is symbolism and all its attributes forms an outstanding base for cultural and personal identification. Identity is a necessary process of someones personality as it is a part of self-realization of a person that is required for finding a place in life. Now a days fashion is a tool for achieving harmony with the inner world and a way of revealing or concealing peculiarities. Fashion symbols are accepted as long as it does not hurt people around and when we think about fashion and identity it is necessary to remember the ethical side of the issue. Fashion and identity still remains a twofold issue which has lot of positive aspects one can enjoy and share with other people. Of course, there are many factors in the flight to and from tradition and fashion, and perhaps clothing seems a trivial matter with which to be concerned, for clothing does not fully make the identity of a person; as Dickens say in his ‘The Great Expectations. Food and shelter, is an important factor in life, the individual and the environment in which the individual lives helps to interacts with others. However, Fashion is not about utility. An accessory that is merely a piece of iconography used to express individual identity as stated by the famous Lauren Weisberger in her notable work The Devil Wears Prada. Finally to say, Fashion does impact the world largely by significantly depicting ones identity and character through clothing and other trends.

Franz Schubert Composing The Erlkonig Poem English Literature Essay

Franz Schubert Composing The Erlkonig Poem English Literature Essay This essay will compare and contrast four Lieder by Schubert and Schumann. Firstly, I will be referring to Schuberts Erlkà ¶nig and Gretchen am Spinnrade. Secondly, I will be referring to Schumanns Dichterliebe Op.48 and Liederkreis Op.24. Franz Schubert (1797-1828) was an Austrian composer who, more than any other, was noted for his artistic skill in Lieder. He arrived into the music scene in 1814 with one of his first songs, Gretchen am Spinnrade which is a selection of text from Goethes Faust. Schubert produced many masterpieces throughout his short career, composing in nearly every genre, all which was characterized by strong, rich harmonies and having an endless gift for melody. Schubert initially started out as a vocalist where he sang at the chapel of The Imperial Court. Eventually he explored composition and became known as a young genius. After Schuberts voice broke in 1812, he was directed by his father to become a school teacher and follow in his footsteps, even though he was committed to his passion of composing. He worked miserably by day while composing profusely by night and at the age of 20, Schubert had written over 100 songs as well as various operatic, symphonic, and chamber music scores. Throughout the rest of his short life, Schubert produced a large quantity of operas, symphonies, piano sonatas, chamber music pieces, and masses. He is known first and foremost for composing hundreds of songs including his most popular works Gretchen am Spinnrade, and Erlkà ¶nig. He greatly affected Robert Schumann and Gustav Mahlers vocal writing. Erlkà ¶nig is a poem written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) in 1782. It is part of his singspiel Der Fischerin and is easily one of his most familiar works from the German song repertoire; it gave Schubert his most known dramatic ballad to date. Goethe was a German poet, dramatist and novelist. He was one of the most important literary and cultural figures of his age, impacting Germany like Shakespeare impacted us. He studied law in Leipzig and Strasbourg, but worked as a newspaper critic after returning to Frankfurt in 1771. He moved to Weimar and became a court official and a privy councillor. However, what sustained his reputation was his literary works, and his relationship with music. Erlkà ¶nig was composed between August and December 1815 and published in 1821 as Schuberts Opus 1. It tells the tale of a father and his son riding through the woods late at night. The boy is only able to see the evil Erl-king (Erlkà ¶nig), and not his father. The Erl-king calls out to the young child, playing with his mind. The boy cries out for his fathers help many of times, but as the father cannot see the Erl-king or his demons, he takes his sons behaviour as a one natural occurrence. When the boy is wounded, the father then realises that desperate measures are called for, he rides through the woods with all his strength and skill, but the boy dies in his arms before he reaches a safer place. Schubert, while working as a school teacher composed nearly 145 lieder and numerous instrumental works in the year of 1815. Erlkà ¶nig gained many stories during the nineteenth century; one being that some people believed it was composed in a matter of minutes. It took Schubert three times to revise his song, he mostly adjusted the piano accompaniment and inserted/deleted bars in the music to somewhat better the pacing. He played about with the dynamics, altering them greatly each time. The piano accompaniment, known to be physically tiring and very difficult keeps a continuous background of repeated, triplet octaves creating a horror theme. Schubert simplified the figuration in one of his revisions, asking for duplets instead of triplets. While the piano accompaniment continues the three characters and narrator sing their simple lines. Each character is given their own unique quality: the child is frenzied and emotional, the father dignified and confident, Erlkà ¶nig himself tranquil and attractive as he attempts to trick the child. The song is usually sung by one vocalist, but on occasion, four separate singers have performed it. The narrator sings in middle range and is kept in a minor key throughout, the father sings in low range and sings in both minor and major keys, the boy sings in a high range, also in a minor key, signifying the fright of the child and the Erl-kings vocal part is in the major key resulting in a contrast as the piano accompaniment is minor , his part is sung pianissimo and undulates up and down to the accompaniment, portraying a sneaky persuasiveness. The horse is implied through the piano accompaniment by the rapid triplets, which represent the horses galloping. As the drama unfolds, the boy becomes more and more terrified, this is shown as the character sings in a much higher register, the harsh dissonances occur as the child cries, Mein Vater, mein Vater! The music quickens towards the end, portraying an image of the father desperately trying to encourage his horse to go faster. It is only at the very end of the song that the piano accompaniment ceases and that the horse has come to a halt, as the narrator states in a bit of skilled recitative that the child was dead in his arms. The piano accompaniment then ends with a dramatic perfect cadence. Gretchen am Spinnrade was composed by Schubert on October 19, 1814. The poem is taken from Part 1 of Goethes enormous recasting of the Faust legend, which finds Gretchen sitting at her window waiting for her lover to return. She spins as she waits for him and Schubert translates the imagination of her foot rising and falling on the pedal, the wheel rotation, and the semi-quaver piano accompaniment showing the twisting of the thread. Schuberts composition seems to be a simple background for the poem, but doesnt just portray the spinning wheel; it also represents Gretchens restlessness. Schubert creates this tension by moving through different key changes, from D minor, then to E minor and finally to F minor. In addition, he alters the text so that the opening lines keep returning throughout the song, which pull the harmony back to the original key. The first stanza of the song reads My peace is gone, my heart is heavy, I shall never, never again find peace. This sets a sad atmosphere for the rest of the piece, and Schubert composed the accompaniment so that it would sound sad along with the text, beginning the song in D minor. At the climax of the song, the accompaniment stops with a fortissimo ascent when Gretchen thinks of her lovers kiss. She stops spinning completely, and its only after several faltering efforts that she is able to regain full composure and resume her spinning. Robert Schumann (1810- 856) was one of the great composers of the early romantic era. He was uncomfortable with writing symphonies and concertos, the larger musical forms, but still composed works in these genres which contain moments of great beauty. He preferred to express his talent in songs and short pieces for piano. Schumann had an ability to translate deep and delicate states of the soul. He did this in works such as the song cycle Dichterliebe by Heinrich Hein which means A Poets Love and in his collections of short piano pieces, which include Phantasiestà ¼cke (Fantastic Pieces), Kinderszenen (Scenes from Childhood), and Waldszenen (Forest Scenes). Schumann began playing the piano at the young age of 10, after being encouraged by his father to pursue his musical and literary talents. In 1828, he became a law student at the University of Leipzig, even though he preferred music, philosophy, and Leipzigs taverns. He also started piano lessons with well-known Leipzig piano teacher, Friedrich Wieck. Schumann became a compulsive womanizer and a heavy drinker. He failed to become a concert pianist when he became partially paralysed in his right hand. Wieck had a daughter, Clara, who grew up and fell in love with Schumann but her father didnt approve. Despite his opposition, Clara and Robert gained the legal right to marry in 1840. Heinrich Hein (1797-1856) was a German poet and critic. He received his early education at the Lyzeum in Dà ¼sseldorf and went to Hamburg in 1816 to work in the banking office of his uncle, Salomon Heine. The business failed in 1819 and he entered the University of Bonn attending August Wilhelm Schlegels lectures on literature. He matriculated as a law student in 1820 at the University of Gà ¶ttingen but ended up getting suspended for participating in a duel. He continued his studies in Berlin between the years of 1821 and 1823. Heines poetry was used by all the major composers of the 19th century and by some minor figures as well. His verses were also popular in music well into the 20th century, and the 19th century witnessed the production of approximately 8000 lieder on Heine texts. It was the year 1840 when Schumann launched his year of song with a Liederkreis (op.24) on a poetic cycle from the Junge Leiden section of the Buch der Lieder. For his Dichterliebe, he selected 16 poems from the Lyrisches Intermezzo. Schumann set 43 of Heines verses. Dichterliebe was composed during the year of 1840 and apparently in a matter of days. It was composed during the same month that Schumann wrote his Liederkreis, Op 24. The texts originate from 16 poems from the Lyrisches Intermezzo which is a section of Heinrich Heines Buch der Lieder which was wrote in 1827. The song cycle originally held 20 songs, but when it was published as Op. 48 in 1844, four songs were omitted. In the opening poems, Im wunderschà ¶nen Monat Mai which translates to In the Wonderful Month of May and Aus meinen Trà ¤nen spriessen, Springing from my tears, optimistic imagery of springtime and birds singing is featured. Schumann used to end the vocal line of a song hanging on a dissonant chord, and the piano would complete the rest of the piece. In Im wunderschà ¶nen Monat Mai, Schumann ends the piano accompaniment also on an unresolved chord, this suggests that the love the singer is showing may remain unreturned. In the fifth song of the cycle, the speaker now sings in the past tense, instead of the present. The seventh song, which is Ich grolle nicht, has a decidedly sardonic tone. The accompaniment has a powerful bass line which supports a repeated chordal right hand part, while the singer sings in a royal, heroic tone. However, the text pretends to have austerity in order to cover its suffering. I saw you in a dream, and saw the darkness trapped in your soul, and saw the serpent that gnaws at your heart; I saw, my love, how miserable you are. Schumanns accompaniment makes it clear that the miserable one is the speaker, and not his beloved. In the conclusion of the collection, the speakers tone is fed-up and all pretence is gone. The music in Die alten, bà ¶sen Lieder sounds ploddy and unrelenting in its rhythm and figuration, it also sounds dark. Ascending arpeggios break the minor key into a brief major mode, only to find an ironic answer in minor once again. In the end of the song, the singers final, sorrowful strains fade and a last piano postlude offers a sense of rest, not found anywhere in Heines original.

The Evolution of Sex Essay -- Teenagers Media Relationships Papers

The Evolution of Sex Take the 1960s notion of free love, combine with today's sexually active teenagers who expect no emotional commitment, and you have the modern definition for â€Å"hook up.† The term evolved just as many ideas about sex have in this last century. Hooking up is no longer just kissing, it involves oral sex and also intercourse, it is all about the casual sex. The practice of casual sex is more popular among American teenagers; however, the feelings of independence and empowerment obtained by it are not the only consequences. Having multiple random partners can result in sexually transmitted diseases (STD), HIV, unwanted pregnancies and other physical risks. Moreover, depression and intimacy problems can bear psychological problems and harm a practitioner more than believed. â€Å"(Casual sex) does make me feel empowered...and it can be quite a lot of fun. But you have to go into it with your head fully wrapped around the idea that nothing will result from it, that it doesn’t mean anything besides two people giving into their physical desires,† said 19-year-old, Boston student, Danielle. Like Danielle, many young adults, and teenagers, have sex without attachment. For example, more than half of 11th-graders surveyed by the Bowling Green State University, in Ohio, said they have had intercourse, and of them a 60 percent did it with an acquaintance, they survey said. That number may have been higher if the survey had included oral sex, said the university. For many teenagers having sex with acquaintances it is their first experience. The reasons why they rush into sex may vary, but include peer pressure and a desire to live the experience at once. A recent SexSmarts survey, by the Kaiser Family Foundation and... ...ill one’s sexual desires while hindering sentiments, said the SexEtc Web site. Teenagers and young adults need to be taught that having sex is not just another fact of life and that it has a meaning, and it has consequences. Whether a young person decides to have sex or wait until marriage, parents or guardians need to respect their decisions and keep an open door policy so that they can feel safe to ask questions and make thought out, balanced, decisions. "When you reach a certain age of maturity you can decide if you’re emotionally capable of handling the consequences," said Danielle. "My parents gave us a lot of freedom and I am very thankful it because we were able to talk like adults when I was a teenager and they answered my questions head-on, that’s the only way to make sure that your children don’t turn elsewhere for their personal sexual education." The Evolution of Sex Essay -- Teenagers Media Relationships Papers The Evolution of Sex Take the 1960s notion of free love, combine with today's sexually active teenagers who expect no emotional commitment, and you have the modern definition for â€Å"hook up.† The term evolved just as many ideas about sex have in this last century. Hooking up is no longer just kissing, it involves oral sex and also intercourse, it is all about the casual sex. The practice of casual sex is more popular among American teenagers; however, the feelings of independence and empowerment obtained by it are not the only consequences. Having multiple random partners can result in sexually transmitted diseases (STD), HIV, unwanted pregnancies and other physical risks. Moreover, depression and intimacy problems can bear psychological problems and harm a practitioner more than believed. â€Å"(Casual sex) does make me feel empowered...and it can be quite a lot of fun. But you have to go into it with your head fully wrapped around the idea that nothing will result from it, that it doesn’t mean anything besides two people giving into their physical desires,† said 19-year-old, Boston student, Danielle. Like Danielle, many young adults, and teenagers, have sex without attachment. For example, more than half of 11th-graders surveyed by the Bowling Green State University, in Ohio, said they have had intercourse, and of them a 60 percent did it with an acquaintance, they survey said. That number may have been higher if the survey had included oral sex, said the university. For many teenagers having sex with acquaintances it is their first experience. The reasons why they rush into sex may vary, but include peer pressure and a desire to live the experience at once. A recent SexSmarts survey, by the Kaiser Family Foundation and... ...ill one’s sexual desires while hindering sentiments, said the SexEtc Web site. Teenagers and young adults need to be taught that having sex is not just another fact of life and that it has a meaning, and it has consequences. Whether a young person decides to have sex or wait until marriage, parents or guardians need to respect their decisions and keep an open door policy so that they can feel safe to ask questions and make thought out, balanced, decisions. "When you reach a certain age of maturity you can decide if you’re emotionally capable of handling the consequences," said Danielle. "My parents gave us a lot of freedom and I am very thankful it because we were able to talk like adults when I was a teenager and they answered my questions head-on, that’s the only way to make sure that your children don’t turn elsewhere for their personal sexual education."

So many Gods, So Little Time: Contemplating Religion :: Religious Religion Biblical God Essays

So many Gods, So Little Time: Contemplating Religion The man watched with a blank gaze out the window of the plane. The scenery below passed him by; buildings and streets mostly. But they were remarkably close to the plane; much closer than they should be. This man had previously been sitting in the passenger section of the plane, but he now sits in the pilot seat. The real pilot lay on the floor with his throat splayed open by a box-cutting knife. His bloody gurgles had long since ceased as his eyes fixed on the ceiling with a stare only death can bring. He was of no matter; only one of many deaths that would come today. The other men in the cockpit chanted prayers silently to themselves. Prayers to a wrathful and unsympathetic God. A God that had sent them on this ‘holy’ quest. A building comes into view, and the plane begins heading straight for it. It lands home, searing concrete from metal, flesh from bone, disintegrating bone to dust. People die, and others rejoice in it. People die, and other s thank God for their homicidal salvation. People die, and the survivors ask God ‘why?’ I ask God not ‘why did this happen’, because no God had a hand in this. No person was on a quest from God. Fanatics who had handed themselves the will of God did this. I ask God ‘why do we end lives over pointless arguments about you?’ Religion can be a funny thing. It can cause many events to happen, good and evil. Many people have found a sense of peace through religion while others have found a reason to kill people and cause war. What is this creature called religion that can cause two such completely opposite things to happen? What is it about religion that is appealing to any human being? Why do people give up so much to follow the ways of religion? Because, in the end, religion is designed to force its followers into a form of submission in which the follower gives up his or her most basic of urges for the greater good of society and themselves.

Assignment Organizational Behavior Essay

Situational Leadership provides a simple and logical framework with four basic decision-making styles – authoritative, consultative, facilitative, and delegative. Briefly describe these styles and describe when they are appropriate to use. Our textbook states that authoritative decision-making style, â€Å"applies in situations where the manager has the necessary experience and information to reach a conclusion and followers do not possess the ability, willingness, or confidence to help† (p. 295). This would be appropriate when you are the only source of information or expertise. According to p. 296 of our textbook, consultative decision-making styles are a â€Å"valuable strategy when the manager recognizes that the followers also possess some experience or knowledge of the subject and are willing but not yet able to help†. This style is appropriate when there is more time to make a decision on important issues and requires input from people who can be directly impacted by those decisions. Facilitative decision-making, as stated on p. 96 of our textbook as well, â€Å"is a cooperative effort in which manager and followers work together to reach a shared decisions†. This approach would be useful when dealing with an able, but not confident follower. Delegative decision making, covered on p. 297 of our textbook, is used â€Å"when follower high in readiness who have the experience and information needed to make the proper decision or recommendation†. This style is appropriate when â€Å"the manager can look forward to a high level of performance by saying, ‘You know this subject. Work on it and let me know what you come up with’† (p. 297).

Audience Analysis and Reception Essay

Knowing the audience needs, are important to communicate effectively. In the workplace, knowing the needs helps us to explain the what, why, how, who, and when we can provide productivity in the workplace. In this report, I would like to inform my manager, about why we need another maintenance technician and certain tools for the Maintenance Shop. In this formal letter to management, what would be the need for a maintenance technician and certain tools needed to perform tasks.† What† being the problem, and the steps we must take to achieve this goal. My report will include ways to save in order to allow capital to be saved to allow an extra payroll. Safety issues due to the lack of an extra employee, and how we can get more productivity done within the company. Understanding, that this report must be formal, I must be sure to use the proper language, tone, and content. Because this report is to be written to manage I must also provide evidence, facts, and personal experie nce to support my claim. Providing a plan to reach these goals will help me to better explain the â€Å"where†, I am trying to help the company. By explaining, how the addition of more tools, and a maintenance technician would benefit the company. This can further express the needs of the two to management. Also, providing a map of the tasks that will be accomplished, and a timeframe in which they will be completed helps to explain how it would also be beneficial for the company. Not considering the audience needs can lead to communication lost, or the inability to interact effectively with the receiver of the message. The content of the report will not answer the question of what is the problem, how can we solve the problem, what steps are needed to solve the problem, where we can find the resource to fix the problem, and why we should take these steps to accomplish other tasks. Formal reports should be written in formal. At this time, the claim that we are making should be supported with evidence, facts,  and personal experience to be taken as factual information. The content of the report should focus on the needs of the audience, and the steps that are needed to solve the problem. Sources: The five W’s An old tool for the new task of audience analysis-ProQuest (). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy .apollolibrary.com/docview/2200989762/fulltext/13DA2†¦

Are the Concerns over Globalization Justified?

Globalization is one of the most vibrant, contested, and debated issues in modern international relations. Some argue that globalization brings great benefits, while others argue that globalization is fundamentally flawed. Countries in the world today are largely Interconnected, whether through trade relations, cultural exchanges, multinational cooperation on world issues like the environment and natural resources.The term â€Å"globalization† is a process of worldwide movement towards economic, financial, trade and communications Integration, where the world becomes ore Interlinked and connected. Whether the concerns over globalization Is Justified or not, questions if the worries of globalization is supported by logical and substantial reasons. As much as globalization has its pros sand cons, I feel that the concerns over globalization are valid.The reason being that globalization results in culture leveling, ethnocentrism, economic disparity, technological disparity, enviro nmental degradation and lastly, unemployment and labor drain One concern of globalization Is culture leveling, where cultures become homogeneous and local culture Is lost. This Is process by which different cultures become increasingly similar to one another, most often as a result of travel and communication. The danger of cultural leveling is that it can erode the traditional cultural practices, beliefs and interests of one group, in favor of another, therefore creating one culture that dominates all others.Due to globalization, countries have been opening up to trade and welcoming foreign investments to their country. Local cultures feel threatened and overwhelmed by foreign products and their associated values Like In the phase of Singapore, there are many foreign investments, such as the all-famous McDonald's. Those foreign eateries are slowly replacing the hawker centre and food courts here, as more people preferred eating at such places compared oat hawker centre and food cou rts. As a result, there is homogeneities of culture, loss of cultural diversity and the erosion of culture.For example, cultural products now make up the second largest United States' export behind aircraft. In 1992, the united States purchased only $288 million in cultural products from the nations of the European Community (SEC) combines, while the SEC nations bought $3. 7 billion in US cultural products. Culture leveling is a serious and long-term problem cause once the cultural sites are gone, It Is difficult or almost Impossible to revive them again. Even If It Is possible to construct similar bulldogs, It may not have the nostalgia feel.Therefore the concern of culture leveling over globalization is Justified. Another concern of globalization Is ethnocentrism whereby we make false assumptions about another culture, can often lead to misinterpretation, prejudice and negative relations between social groups, due to the exchange of cultures encouraged by globalization. Globalizat ion allows people from all over the world to exchange cultures with one another. The problem with this is that there will be increased proximity arising from increased trade, which could lead to conflict because different groups have divergent values, beliefs and norms.As a result, there will be increasing outbursts of violence that run along ethnic and cultural lines. An example is the Samuel Huntington Clash of Civilizations, a theory that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. There are basically six main explanations to his theory. First, differences among civilizations are not only real; they are basic. Civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition and, most important, religion.Second, the world is becoming a smaller place. The interactions between peoples of different civilizations are increasing; these increasing interactions intensify civilization consciousness and awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations. Third, the processes of economic modernization and social change throughout the world are separating people from longstanding local identities. They also weaken the nation state as a source of identity. Fourth, the growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West.Fifth, cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones. Finally, economic regionalism is increasing. This problem of ethnocentrism might be serious if people continue to differentiate others with their values, beliefs and norms. Tension might build up among the people with different values, beliefs and norms, as they will misunderstand one another thus causing long-term problems because it is unlikely o resolve the conflict overnight and their way of thinking may be negatively influenced by their peers.Therefore, the concern of ethnocentrism over globalization is Justified. The third concern of globalization is economic disparity. Globalization may result in greater economic disparity between the rich and poor, basically the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. This is because the rich seek to benefit themselves; the rich countries are also better equipped (in terms of infrastructure, educational level of their people and amount of capital etcetera) to reap the benefits. One example is the growing concentration and monopolizing of economic resources and power by Multinational Corporations (Macs) and global financial firms.Only 20% of the world population in the developed countries receives 82. 7% of the world income. In 1989, the average income of 20% of the people living in the richest country was 60 times higher than 20% of the people living in the poorest countries. Shockingly, this ration had doubled 30 times from 1950. However, this cannot be blamed on globalization solely becau se the higher income of the rich in less developed or developing countries has not been translated into investment, exulting in unemployment and the growing income disparity. Even if they had done so, this does not narrow the income gap between the two groups significantly.Thus, this problem of income disparity is serious and long-term because countries would only want to speed up the rate of the improvement of their economy so that the parts of the country will be more productive than to improve the less developed parts of the country. Thus, government tends to ignore the poorer parts of the country or improve it at very slow rate, causing the widening of income gap. It also takes a lot of mime and money to narrow the income gap of the rich and poor which would be detrimental to the country's economy. Therefore, the concern of economic disparity over globalization is Justified.Another concern of globalization that should be addressed is the increasing technological disparity betwee n the rich and the poor countries. Globalization may result in greater technological disparity between the rich (e. G. United States of America) and the poor countries (e. G. Africa). The emerging world economy is electronic. Countries will be integrated through info systems and technology. The ore developed countries are better equipped in terms of infrastructure and the educational level to harness the advanced technology. The less developed countries will thus remain on the periphery.For example, Nikkei industry in Vietnam and Thailand tends to be labor intensive and therefore rely on low-tech or less skilled labor Just because they have a lot of labor. But this is not exactly caused by globalization. Different countries have different capacities to adopt technology. Thus, Olds must find their own balance between globalization and use of IT and the pace of trade liberalizing. Many countries suffer from absence of science and technology infrastructure and technology policies. Also , they have poor utilization of available technical manpower.Governments and non-governmental organizations should also step back and allow markets and private sector to play greater role in transfer of technology. The problem of technological disparity is rather serious. Technological disparity is also linked to income disparity, if a country does not have enough incentives and funds, the country is unable to purchase new or more advanced technology, thus the productivity of that particular cannot may not be as efficient as entries who are able to purchase advanced and latest technology to help in their production.Countries that do not have the purchasing ability are most likely the less developed countries or poorer parts of a country while countries that are able to enjoy such blessings of advanced technologies are the more developed countries and the richer parts of a country. Hence the poorer regions will remain poor as their productivity remain low while richer regions continu e to prosper. Thus technological disparity between the rich and poor countries is a long-term problem of liberation, which is Justified.However some may argue that the concerns over globalization are not Justified because the problems can be minimized. Globalization has caused the improvement of technology and transport making transport more convenient and efficient to carry goods and people from one place to another. One example that globalization has improved transportation is the creation of cars. There is an increasing trend in the number of people who owns a car. Cars emit greenhouse gases such as carbon deplete and leading to the increase rate of global warming.Thus with advance genealogy, the catalytic converter was invented to convert those pollutant gases to less harmful gases. But not all countries actually make it compulsory for all cars to instill the catalytic converter in their vehicles unlike Singapore. Hence even if there is this converter to convert harmful gases to less harmful gas, it will not have a large impact on the environment if very few people use that. Greenhouse gas emissions are also caused by rapid industrialization in the developing world and the heavy dependence on fossil fuels. Environmental depletion is also caused by the overuse of sources.This is because there has been a rise in demand and ecosystem removal as a result of population growth. The need for disposable products has caused logging to be on the increase, which result in the excessive deforestation. Once the ozone layer is depleted, it is non-reversible, neither can it be cured. Thus this is a very serious problem and it is long-termed because there is nothing that can be done to reverse the effect of ozone depletion except to slow down the rate of global warming. Therefore environmental degradation is a concern of globalization that can be Justified.

Frederick Douglass’s Slave Narrative Authenticity Essay

ROUGH DRAFT Storytelling has always been prominent among the human race ever since the oral tradition was established and the first written language came to be. It is not uncommon for a person to share their experiences, feelings, and thoughts through literature. The validity of these accounts often are not questioned. In 1845, Frederick Douglass published his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.Through writing and word of mouth, Douglass achieved international fame. Despite all of this, the validity of the slave narrative genre has come into question. Skeptics and naysayers claim that this genre of writing is fantasized, and use Olaudah Equiano’s narrative as a prime example. Although The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano has questionable history validity; Douglass’ writings have been affirmed by William Lloyd Garrison, a prominent American abolitionist, in the preface.It has also been published and categoriz ed as an autobiography. Accordingly, it is established that Douglass’ writing is non-fiction, therefore, it must be authentic. Being that the narrative was prefaced by William Lloyd Garrison, an exceptionally outspoken anti-slavery advocate, and author of William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight against Slavery, it would be almost impossible to claim that Frederick Douglass’ claims were falsified.Garrison indited, â€Å"I am confident that is it essentially true in all its statements; that nothing has been set down in malice, nothing exaggerated, nothing drawn from imagination; that it comes short of the reality, rather than overstates a single fact in regard to SLAVERY AS IT IS† which conveys that he had complete and total trust towards Douglass (Which is a good display of character on Douglass’ behalf). Therefore, William Lloyd Garrison’s regard for Frederick Douglass does nothing but further prove the believability of Douglass’ auto-biography .The authenticity of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is also substantiated by the writing being categorized as an autobiography. As things go, auto-biographies are considered to be non-fiction. If Douglass’ writings were untrue, it would be relatively easy to disprove his written accounts because of all of the factual information required in order to produce an autobiography. Frederick Douglass is also credited with the writing of his second autobiography, My Bondage and MyFreedom(1855), and his third, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass(1881). The print is comprised of detailed experiences, places, people, and events that are historically accurate. Because of this, Douglass’ experiences are considered to be factual information. By the same token, Frederick Douglass’ first autobiography was also a published work. Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave went through the process of publica tion in 1845, and was ultimately published by the American Anti-Slavery Society.In order to publish a non-fictional piece of literature, the piece must be—non-fictional. In the best interest of authors and publishers alike; it would be nonsensical to compose and publish a fictional text and write it off as a work of non-fiction. Considering that the memoir received publication status, it is established that the publisher did not see it as a risk to their good name, and that Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is authentic. In essence, Frederick Douglass’ piece is undoubtedly unbiased, authentic, and legitimate.The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave was not only published & categorized as an autobiography, but it was also endorsed by a high-principled source, William Lloyd Garrison. Many Caucasian autobiographies of the 17th-18th century are not besieged with criticism, such as Daniel Defoe’s Mother Ross: The Life and Adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, Commonly Called Mother Ross, on Campaign with the Duke of Marlborough(1740). It could be possible that the criticism of the slave narrative genre is truly a form of discrimination, rather than genuine mistrust.

A Brief History of a Colony That Never Was

New Devon colony was founded on the north-west coast of the modern USA in the Delaware river’s valley.  Ã‚   It was the Indians who had lived here before Europeans came. These were the Indians who spoke the language of Algonquian group. They called themselves Lenni Lenape that meant ‘progenitors‘ or ‘first people’.Other Indian tribes called them ‘grandfathers’ and this fact also confirms that Lenni Lenape was the oldest tribe in this valley. The Indians hunted, fished, farmed cultivating cereals and legumes.   Depending on the season the Indians migrated from forests to the coast. At the beginning of 17th century about seven thousand people lived here.First European investigators of these lands were Dutch. However some seafarers investigated the North-West coast earlier: Englishman John Cabot (1497), Frenchman Giovanni da Verrazano (1524), Spaniard Estevan Gomez (1525), Frenchman Jehan Allefonsce (1542), Englishman Sir John Hawkins (15 62) and others.In 1615 Dutch Johan Stuyvesant left his country for the north-west coast to find suitable place for trading. In June being not far from New Foundland the ship unfortunately took fire. Stuyvesant had to land in order to repair the ship. After the examination of this place the captain became sure that lands are favorable for trade furriery and the river was full of fish.As a result of   Stuyvesant voyage the Dutch post Hoek was founded here.   Soon Englishmen learnt about these lands. They were very impressed with stories about fertile valley and in 1632 John Welsh visited this territory. He was enthusiastic about the prospects of these lands and confirmed everything   the Dutch traders had told.So in 1635 the territory of New Devon was granted to the Earl of Worcester and Englishmen began to immigrate here. Those Dutchmen who to swore fidelity to King could own the lands they had settled before. The land settlement in 17th   century required careful planning an d leading.It was very expensive and risky business. The settlers had to sale more than four thousand miles, they needed food, arm, clothes, seed, implements. Only small group of rich immigrants could afford to pay for such voyage. Others used special colonization agencies. These organization paid for the trip while settlers were bound to work off this debt in the colony as   servants. After four – five years servants could even get a plot to farm.The relationship between the Indians and settlers of New Devon were not so troubled as we can think. William Penn and his Society of Friends or Quakers living in neighboring Pennsylvania influenced the situation greatly. To follow them New Devon concluded a treaty with the Indians in 1701 to keep the peace.As for   economics of New Devon it prospered. The main business was agriculture. Many people however became employed as small fish processing or milling plants workers. Shipbuilding flourished. Cereals, wood, dairy products wer e exported to the southern colonies., West India and Europe.Too busy with commerce residents of New Devon didn’t pay much attention to the education and were obviously behind the southern colonies in this field. Only by the middle of 18th century King’s College was opened here. In 1739 ‘New Devon Weekly Journal’ began published.When granted to the Earl of Worcester King also gave a charter to New Devon. This document proclaimed authority   to be exercised by so called freemen – free colonists. The result of it was that assemblies took over the control of finance. The governor appointed by the Earl couldn’t even collect taxes and spent budget money without assemblies permission. When in 1684 Britain attempted to reestablish King’s rule and cancel the charter colonists simply expelled the governor send by London.Though British authorities realized the necessity to rearrange the Empire the situation in America wasn’t favorable to do this. Colonies got accustomed to independence and required more freedom. To consolidate power Britain had to begin struggle. The first step was the Sugar Act passing in 1764.The sugar act put a tax on sugar, wine, coffee, silk that shipped to the colonies from countries other than Great Britain. New Devon traders combined efforts to   boycott English goods. Residents used only those products which were produced by New Devon plants. Later in 1764,Parliament enacted a Currency Act to prevent paper bills of credit issued in any of King's colonies from being made legal. Since the colony were a deficit trade area and were constantly short of hard currency, this measure added a serious burden to the colonial economy.Equally objectionable from the colonial viewpoint was the Quartering Act, passed in 1765, which required colonies to provide royal troops with provisions and barracks.   But the act that angered the residents most of all was The Stamp Act. The Stamp Act put a tax on al l printed paper goods that colonists bought. Colonists had to pay a tax when buying books, newspapers and playing cards. A person who finished college had to pay a tax on the diploma.Lawyers had to pay a tax on the wills, agreements and other documents. To show that the tax had been paid, a stamp seller put a stamp on the paper.   The hostility arose. People caught officials collected taxes and tarred them. In October of 1765 in response to   Massachusetts assembly New Devon send delegates in New York to discuss the Stamp Act. After the long disputes   the congress enacted to consider as legal only the taxes imposed by colonies themselves. However George III was not going to make any concession. The Revolution became inevitable.During the Revolution many nearly 7000 men of New Devon enlisted for service in spite of the fact that there no important battles here except several skirmishes. New Devon provided the Army with food and arm.Lack of ammunition made residents to melt the statue of King to cast bullets. In 1781 English army surrendered to American and French ones. On September 3, 1783 Great Britain signed Treaty of Paris –   the peace settlement proclaimed the independence, freedom and sovereignty of the colonies. New Devon as well as other colonies became independent.Bibliography1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   About Connecticut; 15 July 2004; available from htpp://www.ct.gov./ctportal/cwp/view.asp?a=843&q=246434; Internet2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boorstin, Daniel J.   The Americans: Vol. 1: The Colonial Experience, Vol. 2: The Democratic Experience, Vol. 3: The National Experience, Hardback ed., Random House, 19753.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dugan, Jeannine Colonial Immigration: An Overview; 25 January 2004; available from htpp://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/5871/32260; Internet4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morris, Richard B.; Henry Steel and Jeffrey B. Morris, eds. Encyclopedia of American History, 6th ed., Hardback ed., Harper & Row, 19825.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pennsylvania state history,   available from htpp://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/overview.asp?secid=31; Internet6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   State of Delaware (A brief history), 12 July 2004; available from htpp://www.state.de.us./gic/facts/history/delhist.htm; Internet