Creon as the Tragic Hero of an - 802 Words

Greek tragedy would not be complete with out a tragic hero. Sophocles wrote Antigone with a specific character in mind for this part. Based on Aristotles definition, Creon is the tragic hero of Antigone. Creon fits Aristotles tragic hero traits as a significant person who is faced with difficult decisions. Creon is significant because he is king. This makes him both renowned and prosperous. Creon is not completely good nor completely bad; he is somewhere in-between, as humans are. The audience can relate to this and they admire his qualities of intelligence in political affairs. They can also relate to his ability to make hard decisions with apparent ease. These hard decisions are what lead Creon to fit Aristotles definition of a†¦show more content†¦Creons character meets all of Aristotles views of a tragic hero. Some people argue that Antigone is faced with tough decisions and a downfall, just as Creon is, but she does not meet all of the characteristics. While Creon realizes his wrong-doing and negative traits, and strives to change, Antigone does not. She does not change, but stays ignorant, even in her death. The only way to grow and improve oneself is to change. Creon changes, but cannot benefit from them because his death so quickly follows his transformation. The audience realizes how short life is, and Creons downfall causes them to re-examine their values and beliefs. It also helps the audience learn that it is never too late to admit you are wrong, orShow MoreRelatedCreon as Tragic Hero1586 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Greek play Antigone, Creon and Antigone can both be claimed the title of Tragic Hero. Creon was made king when Oedipus Rex fled the kingship. Creon is the brother in law of Oedipus, and was giving the kingship only because Oedipus’s sons, Eteocles and Polyneices were killed trying to fight for the thrown. Antigone is Oedipus’s daughter and Creon’s niece. When it comes down to who the tragic hero is, Creon most definitely walks away with the title. A tragic hero by definition is ordinary personRead MoreCreon The Tragic Hero1005 Words   |  5 PagesA tragic hero is defined in most cases as a literary character of great stature whose moral defect leads to tragedy but some self-awareness brings the character to make the right decision (World Literatures). That is why although Antigone portrays many characteristics of a tragic hero, the real tragic hero of this play is Creon. A tragic hero in the Greek world is very different from our perceptive of a hero in the modern world. When today’s society thinks of a hero they think of superpowers andRead MoreCreon As A Tragic Hero In SophoclesAntigone1509 Words   |  7 PagesIn Poetics, Aristotle describes a tragic character as someone who experiences an error in judgement, experiences a reversal of fortune due to the error, has an excessive pride, and receives a fate much greater than what is deserved. In Sophocles’ Antigone, many would argue that Creon is the tragic he ro of the play. However, he is not alone as the recipient of tragedy. A young woman by the name of Antigone also fits the characteristics for being considered a tragic heroine. A key element in the tragedyRead MoreCreon As A Tragic Hero Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pages Orens English 10H 26 October 2017 What makes tragic heroes different from an ordinary hero? A tragic hero is a character who is complex by nature, having the ability to give off distinctive impressions to different readers. Creon, king of Thebes, is the tragic hero in Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone† who can be perceived as the antagonist on account of his behavior. One can say that Creon’s decision to prosecute Antigone for burying her brother made Creon look like the enemy. However, with further examinationRead MoreCreon, the Tragic Hero Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pages an argument of who is the tragic hero between Antigone and Creon exists. I firmly believe Creon is the tragic hero of the play. Creon becomes the typical fallen hero in Greek drama. He faces many conflicts, internally and externally, and undergoes quite a bit of painful emotions. One might say Antigone should receive the title of being the tragic hero, but Creon plays a more significant role by learning his lesson the hard way and en ding up as the classic tragic hero who loses everything at theRead MoreCreon Is a Tragic Hero Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hero, Creon Aristotle once said, regarding his principles that a certain character is a tragic hero, A man cannot become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall. This quotation is an accurate statement regarding the actions between Creon in the beginning of the play, and at the end once he has lost his family. A tragic hero is defined as a character of noble stature, the hero is imperfect allowing the audience to relate to him, as well as the hero’s downfall is caused by hisRead MoreCreon Is The Tragic Hero Of Antigone734 Words   |  3 Pages The civil war is over. After the tragic death of the Oedipus, everyone would take the throne from one year to the next. Creon orders Eteocles to be buried with full honors, while Polynices body is left to rot. Creon says that â€Å"anyone who attempts to bury Polynices shall be publicly stoned to death† (Sophocles 57). Antigone has disobeyed the decree and has been sentenced to death. While Antigone is awaiting execution, the blind prophet, Tiresias, informs Creon that he has angered the gods. BasedRead MoreCreon : The Tragic Hero In SophoclesAntigone886 Words   |  4 Pagesit presents a certain type of hero or heroine who is neither completely good nor completely bad† (â€Å"What is† 739). He or she must also be â€Å"highly renowned and prosperous,† have a tragic flaw, learn a lesson, and suffer greatly (â€Å"What is† 739). Therefore, in Antigone by Sophocles, Creon is the tragic hero because he is a king who has the tragic flaw of pride, learns to respect god’s law, and suffers more than he deserves. The first thing that makes Creon a tragic hero is his pride. When the ChoragosRead MoreCreon: A Tragic Hero in Antigone606 Words   |  2 Pagesqualifications of a tragic hero vary between Aristotle and Shakespeare. Aristotle thinks of a tragic hero as someone who is a noble character by choice and makes his/her own destiny, while Shakespeare sees a tragic hero as someone who is born of nobility and born to be important. Although both tragic heros end in a tragic death that effects many people, not all tragic heros fit perfectly into both categories. In Sophocles’ Antigone, Creon is considered a tragic hero. Creon follows Aristotles definitionRead MoreEssay about Creon the Tragic Hero931 Words   |  4 Pagesplay Antigone by Sophocles,one could easily be lead to believe Antigone is the the tragic hero when in fact a strong case can be made that Creon, the king of Thebes, is actually the tragic hero. In believing that Creon is the tragic hero it would seem practical to call the play Creon rather than Antigone. On the other hand, naming the play Antigone gives the play a twist that leads the audience into a dynamically tragic journey through the lives of a prestigious royal family and it gives birth to thoughts

Social Networking And Its Effects On Society - 2163 Words

Social networking is an online community of people with a common interest who use a website or other technologies to communicate with each other and share information and resources, according to Webster. There are countless social networking sites that make it possible to establish connections between people. Some of the most popular sites are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. These social sites make it easier for people to find and communicate with others that share the same network. Although social media leads people to have more interaction and promotes long-distance relationships, it has a lot of negative qualities that tends to drive people to do thing they wouldn’t normally do. When people put an excessive amount of personal information on a profile, it gives predators and bully’s the opportunity to attack them. Many of the users are addicted to social media and they become isolated by using these sites. Social networking must be used in moderation, especi ally since it leads to several significant negative effects on society. Do you ever wonder how social networking became so popular? Social networking began when the first email was sent out in 1971. The forerunner to today’s social networking sites is America Online (AOL). AOL was the first way people created profiles and utilizing chatrooms. The chatrooms were categorized, for example â€Å"Teens 20-24 only†, and people went to these chatrooms to meet people. The fad of chatrooms slowly faded away and integratedShow MoreRelatedSocial Networking and Effects on Society1326 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Networking and Effects on Society Wouldn’t you say that online social networking has changed the way society interacts with friends, family and perfect strangers. When someone exposes themselves to these sites, they open the door to allow these people into their lives. Some of them you would have passed on the street and not even thought of befriending. These people you have chosen to interact with, whether they are in your city, another state, another country or just someone you met onlineRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society1303 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, online social networking has taken on society by storm. Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and Instagram are just to name a few of the objects of mass consumption and insatiable obsession. Those online social network sites have become an influential and integral aspect in our daily lives. They have a tremendous impact on society through its persistently active users, whether or not it is directly or indirectly. In fact, the stability and well being of society revolve around social media due to itsRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society917 Words   |  4 PagesAdvancing technology has played a part in the new methods of communication and with being very social creatures, who experiment with new ways of socializing, have found a new way to connect. Social Networking websites have changed how the world connects with friends and family, changing from the traditional ways of connecting with others like face-to-face connections. Many concerned themselves that social networking friendships centered on expectations that sites such as Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, andRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society1997 Words   |  8 Pagesmodern times, technological advancement has greatly improved the social benefits within society. A vastly growing percentage of young people across America are growing more proficient in using the internet for communication across their country to international regions. In the year 2009, a national survey was conducted for individuals between the ages of eight to eighteen years, where the average time adolescents spent on any form of social media was more than 7.5 hours of a day. Once the average timeRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effects On Society3236 Words   |  13 Pages When we hear the word â€Å"social networking† what comes to mind is: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Myspace, OoVoo and so on. While accessing these trendy resources, we can interact with others by messaging, video chatting, live streaming, instant chatting and overall fast pace communication. Society as we know it has evolved tremendously in regards to the way we communicate and interact with one another. There is a significant difference between the way we used to get in touch with our families andRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effects On Society988 Words   |  4 Pagesaccounts on multiple social networking sites and they spend a lot of time on updating the develop ments in their daily life and uploading various media like pictures and videos. People really enjoy doing this kind of activity, to be able to communicate with their friends, family members, and also meet new people. For certain people who use social networking as a marketing forum, this is an effective method. However social networking comes with its own share of negative effects on people. It is indeedRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Intro Over half of the world uses the internet. 2.2 billion people actively use any kind of social networking. There were 176 million new users of social media just last year (Regan 1). With the influence of so many people a pressing question: Is the impact of social media harmful or beneficial in its effects? Social networking is one of the biggest reports of online traffic. So, if so many people are using these networking sites, what are the effects on us? The â€Å"first†Read MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1545 Words   |  7 PagesSheena Gonzales Instructor Mushett Eng-123 10 June, 2015 The Effects of Social Networking Social networking websites (further referred to as SNS) are web based platforms in which people connect to other individuals that they already have a real-life connection to, locate individuals they have shared interests with, and they allow users to share information with others such as photographs, life events and thoughts. Being able to keep current with one s personal group quickly and easily is one ofRead MoreThe Effects of Social Networking upon Society1100 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction: Social networking is a network of sites is very effective in facilitating social life among a group of acquaintances and friends , and enable old friends to connect to each other and after a long year , and enable them to also communicate the visual and audio and share images and other possibilities that solidified social relationship between them. Featured social networking such as : ( Facebook – WatsApp - Twitter – Skype - MySpace - LIVE Boone - Hi- Five - Orkut - Tagd - YouTubeRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1767 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Social networking websites (further referred to as SNS) are web based platforms in which people connect to other individuals that they already have a real-life connection to, locate individuals they have shared interests with, and they allow users to share information with others such as photographs, life events and thoughts. Being able to keep current with one s personal group quickly and easily is one of the reasons SNS have become so mainstream (McKensie 436)

================================================== Essay Example For Students

================================================== Essay ==================== REPRODUCTION: A-Courting to Nature!LIFE SCIENCES SIG - For some time she had watched his movements, appearing coyly in his haunts. And now, had it paid off? Doubtless, he was in love. His muscles were taut; he swooped through the air more like an eagle than a Greylag gander. The only problem was, it was not for her that he then landed in a flurry of quacks and wingbeats, or for her that he dashed off surprise attacks on his fellows. It was, rather, for another for her preening rival across the Bavarian lake.Poor goose. Will she mate with the gander of her dreams? Or will she trail him for years, laying infertile egg clutches as proof of her faithfulness? Either outcome is possible in an animal world marked daily by scenes of courtship, spurning and love triumphant. And take note: these are not the imaginings of some Disney screen-16 writer. Decades ago Konrad Lorenz, a famed Austrian naturalist, made detailed studies of Greylags and afterwards showed no hesitation in using words like love, grief and even embarrassment to describe the behavior of these large, social birds. At the same time he did not forget that all romance animal and human is tied intimately to natural selection. Natural selection brought on the evolution of males and females during prehistoric epochs when environmental change was making life difficult for single-sex species such as bacteria and algae. Generally, these reproduced by splitting into identical copies of themselves. New generations were thus no better than old ones at surviving in an altered world. With the emergence of the sexes, however, youngsters acquired the qualities of two parents. This meant that they were different from both different and perhaps better at coping with tough problems of survival. At the same time, nature had to furnish a new set of instincts which would make parents out of such unreflective entities as mollusks and jellyfish.. The peacocks splendid feathers, the fireflys flash, the humpback whales resounding bellow all are means these animals have evolved to obey natures command: Find a mate. Transmit your characteristics through time! But while most males would accept indiscriminate mating, females generally have more on their minds. In most species, after all, they take on reproductions hardest chores such as carrying young, incubating eggs and tending newborns. Often they can produce only a few young in a lifetime. (Given half a chance, most males would spawn thousands.) So its no surprising that the ladies are choosy. They want to match their characteristics with those of a successful mate. He may flap his wings or join a hockey team, but somehow he must show that his offspring will not likely be last to eat or first in predatory jaws.Strolling through the Australian underbrush that morning, she had seen nothing that might catch a female bowerbirds eye. True, several males along the way had built avenue bowers twin rows of twigs lined up north and south. True, they had decorated their constructions with plant juices and charcoal. Yet they displayed nothing out front! Not a beetles wing. Not a piece of flower.Then she saw him. He stood before the largest bower and in his mouth held a most beautiful object. It was a powder blue cigarette package, and beneath it there glinted a pair of pilfered car keys. Without hesitation she hopped forward to watch his ritual dance. Males have found many ways to prove their worth. Some, like bowerbirds, flaunt possessions and territory, defending these aggressively against the intrusion of fellow males. Others, like many birds and meat-eating mammals, pantomime nest building or otherwise demonstrate their capacity as dads. Still others, however, do nothing. Gentlemen may bring flowers, but most male fish just fertilize an egg pile some unknown female has left in underwater sand. .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 , .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .postImageUrl , .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 , .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4:hover , .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4:visited , .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4:active { border:0!important; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4:active , .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4 .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua577b8bbc1d1a86134e63e60ab4396f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: W.R.1 - Inquiry Activity Essay For a fish, survival itself is a romantic feat. For other species, though, love demands supreme sacrifices.Shortly after alighting on the back of his mate, the male praying mantis probably had no idea what was in store. This would have been a good thing too, because as he continued to fertilize his partners eggs, she twisted slowly around and bit off his head. She continued to put away his body parts until well nourished and thus more able to sustain her developing young. Luckily for most species, the urge to mate come on only occasionally, usually in springtime. For love can hurt, particularly if you intended has difficulty telling a mate from a meal. Pity the poor male of the spider species, Xysticus Cristatus, for instance. His only hope of survival is to tie a much larger female to the ground with silk thread, and keep her there.Every time a moth releases its attracting scent, or a bullfrog sings out its mating call, these animals are risking a blind date with some predator. Such alluring traits have long puzzled scientists, particularly those which seem not only risky but useless as well. Why, after all, should a frigate bird mate more if he puffs out an extra large red throat sac? How does ownership of such a thing indicate a superior individual? Until recently, the question stymied biologists, but then researchers in the U. S. and Sweden announced a possible answer. While studying widowbirds, among whom extravagant tail feathers are hip, they discovered that the longest-tailed males also carried a lower number of blood parasites. Sexual ornamentation seemed to be a means by which males could show of superfluous health and energy. All of which may bring us to fast sports cars, flashy clothes and other accessories of the human suitor. After all, if he can afford dinner at the citys most expensive restaurant, chances are he could finance a baby too.

The Octopus Essay Example

The Octopus Essay Boleslav Akselrud Professor Schrepfer Facets of The Octopus In Frank Norris’ first installment of his intended three part series on wheat, and the crop’s far reaching global implications, The Octopus: A Story of California, the author adapts the events and circumstances surrounding the 1880 Mussel Slough tragedy to paint the picture of the historically rugged and prospecting American west’s collision with large industrial capital and monopolized industry; specifically the railways of the Southern Pacific Rail Company. Norris adopts, and in some ways pioneers the naturalist style of writing at the turn of the twentieth-century, but The Octopus is not merely a work of fiction; the novel provides a realist perspective to a complex period of the American frontier’s history. While depicting this unique period of the American frontier, Norris is however, guilty of tailoring certain characters to fit his purposes, and taking advantage of his control of the reader’s emotions, specifically interpretations of good and evil, to align readers with his views of the betrayal of the farming industry by the unstoppable force of the rail industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Octopus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Octopus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Octopus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The book opens with an introduction to a set of grain farms in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Readers are introduced to Presley, a young man well-educated at an eastern college who chose to live on one of the local ranches, Los Muertos, due, in part, to the cleanliness of the air after nearly dying of tuberculosis. Presley is a writer, but at the beginning of the novel, he states that his artistic inspiration has all but failed him, also playing a hand in his relocation to the Valley. He was in search of a subject; [†¦] he did not know exactly what; some vast, tremendous theme, heroic, terrible†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Norris, 33) Presley will grow to be the most prevalent character in the book, and he would eventually find his inspiration, and make himself, and through him Norris’ viewpoint heard. As Norris introduces Presley and other characters, he also lays the historic foundation for the plot of the novel. Norris writes of the landscape of the farms, adding historical b ackground all the while. He describes Presley’s daytime bicycle ride through the farmland of the Valley, and through Presley’s eyes, he tells the reality of farming in California. The land in the San Joaquin was settled due in large part to the laying of rails in the area. The government worked a deal with the rail company that would allow the railway to own half of the plots within a twenty mile radius of the tracks, in return for laying them. This land, however, was not very well suited for much, especially farming due to the lack of irrigation. Because of this, the rail company offered much of their undeveloped land to settlers, with the promise of allowing them to purchase this land at rates as low as $2. 50 per acre later. The allure of the west, and the spirit of the frontier yielded interest from many, but profits for this group were contingent not only on the success of the crop, which at the time of the novel was doing poorly from lack of irrigation, but also on the logistics involved in transporting it, and by extension, the railways. As Presley rode along on his bicycle delivering mail on his way to the old town of Guadalajara, he mused on the manifestations of the issue of climate: â€Å"After the harvest, small though that harvest had been, the ranches seemed asleep. [†¦] There was no rain, there was no wind, there was no growth, no life; the very stubble had no force even to rot. [†¦] [On] the [†¦] only [division of the ranch] whereon the wheat had been successful, [this was] no doubt because of the Little Mission Creek that ran through it. (Norris, 44-47) Clearly, the ranchers would have to improve the land in order to reap any benefit from it, but in a leaflet distributed by the rail company advertising the land, the Southern and Pacific Rail Company stipulated that land prices would not be increased due to improvements performed by the farmers, such as irrigation. The issue of the railroad is at the heart of Norris’ novel. The author presents his work in such a way that clearly define s good and evil, leaving no place for ambiguity. Although he starts slowly, there can be no mistaking that his ultimate motive is painting the railways red. The first clear indication of this is evident in Presley’s interaction with one of his close friends, an engineer for the Southern and Pacific Rail Company, Dyke. Dyke is initially portrayed as a salt of the earth employee, working without complaint for the company in order to dote on his daughter, Sidney. Dyke continues to explain to Presley that he has had his pay cut dramatically, and when arguing against this, the company simply fired him. Here, Norris uses this situation to express just how much of a monopoly Southern and Pacific had, and by extension, Norris sprouts the roots for the reader’s hatred of the rail company. Presley advises Dyke to attempt to find another rail company to work for, but when Dyke presses him to suggest another, he is silenced. â€Å"Dyke’s challenge was unanswerable. † (Norris , 56) Through this, Norris is able to express just how important the ‘benevolence’ of the rail company was. Quite simply, the farms had been built around the rail, and thus almost every person’s finances depended on its policies and even its whims. Naturally, when a profitable industry smote the hopes of its dependents, a sense of anger is developed by the reader. In this sense, Norris takes advantage of the reader, and while not directly misinforming his audience, he plays on emotions to portray history in such a way that is privy to his agenda of depicting good and evil. Although it is difficult to condone the actions of the rail companies, throughout the novel Norris places such perspective as would justify others evil in light of the rail company’s greed. After Dyke was fired by the company, he decides to pursue an agricultural approach to making a living. He invests his saved earnings in a plot of land upon which he can farm hops, but even before his first harvest is ready, he learns that the railway has more than doubled its former rates for transporting the crop. Realizing that this eliminates his profit margin, he does not even bother harvesting his crop, and before long he finds himself a drunk, spending weeks on end in Caraher’s saloon. He then decides to use his knowledge of the trains to become a robber and sometimes a murderer. Norris, however, through Presley finds ways to justify this evil, and even further justifies attempts on the life of S. Behrman, the designated local villain. Regardless of the author’s intent, robbery and murder are facets of evil, but Norris places this above the actions of the rail company, using Dyke as a folk hero. In such pursuits, Norris jeopardizes The Octopus as a veritable historical source. History is not supposed to be subjective, and while this is often difficult to realize, such instances as described above display Norris’ use of the reader’s emotions to align an audience to his cause, and ultimately hinder the effectiveness of the novel as a historical document. Norris’ proliferation of this double-standard is evident not only in the heart wrenching betrayal of Dyke by the rail company, but also in the character of Magnus Derrick. Derrick owns the Los Muertos ranch, and is depicted by Norris as the proud champion of his laborers, called ‘the Governor’ by his respecting workers. This is the initial impression of the character, and it stays so, even when the uglier side of Magnus is shown. Magnus is described as an old school prospector, having made his money through the sale of his portion of the Corpus Christi gold mine in the middle of the nineteenth-century. With the crop not doing so well, and the threat of seizure of his ranch by the rail company, Derrick is faced with a moral dilemma. He must either enter the corruption of the day and submit to bribery, or lose all of his land and livelihood. When he is faced with certain defeat in the struggle with climbing freight rates, Magnus folds and aligns himself with the view that corruption is a necessary evil. The effects of this decision are far reaching, and Magnus finds himself blackmailed by the proprietor of the local newspaper who, on the rail company’s payroll, had become privy to the corruption. After the novel’s version of the armed conflict at Mussel Slough, Magnus finds himself with a dead son, no land, and a conscience that drives him to insanity. Despite the clear lack of judgment by Magnus and the obvious evil that partaking in corruption implies, his poor decisions are excused by Norris as instincts to gamble everything that he retained from his prospecting days, in hopes of making the best for himself and his dependents. Norris further blames the rail industry for forcing Magnus into a situation where he could not come out the better, and thus can pin the blame for Derrick’s demise on the railway, regardless of how evident it is that Magnus had a hand in his own undoing. In Norris’ eyes, there is no room for ambiguity, and he minces no words in the process of representing the Southern and Pacific Company as an evil machine. The namesake of the novel carries with it a dark connotation, and there is little doubt that this is strategically placed by the author. The rail industry is continually cast against the masses of workers, a manifestation of Norris’ ever clearer populist agenda. When showing more of Presley’s musings, he furthers the above views. â€Å"[Presley] told himself that, as a part of the people, he loved the people and sympathized with their hopes and fears, and joys and griefs. †¦] He had set himself the task of giving true, absolutely true, poetical expression to the life of the ranch, and yet, again and again, he brought up against the railroad, that stubborn iron barrier against which his romance shattered itself to froth and disintegrated, flying spume. His heart went out to the people. † (Norris, 41 ) Norris continually describes the rail industry as a machine, devoid of humanity and inherently evil. At the end of the first chapter, this view is compounded, once again through Presley’s character. Presley saw again, in his imagination, the galloping monster, the terror of steel and steam, with its single eye, cyclopean, red, shooting from horizon to horizon; but saw it now as the symbol of a vast power, huge, terrible, flinging the echo of its thunder over all the reaches of the valley, leaving blood and destruction in its path; the leviathan, with tentacles of steel clutching into the soil, the soulless Force, the iron hearted Power, the monster, the Colossus, the Octopus. † (Norris, 128) Although Norris describes an important period in the history of the American West, he is also an author, and The Octopus is a work of fiction. There are vast quantities of historical background in Norris’ story, and even some parallels to real people and events, but the author can use his words to sway the thoughts of his readers, and at times Norris can demonize the rail industry while also justifying the actions of his protagonists. Thus, while historical novels may offer unique insight to events such as the Mussel Slough Massacre, the emotional control that the authors have can sometimes skew perspectives. Works Cited Norris, Frank. The Octopus: A Story of California. Gutenberg Project, 1995. PDF.

Volcker Rule in Trade

Introduction The Volcker Rule is a part of the planned laws of the United States that originated from the Federal Reserve former chairman and economist Paul Volcker. Volcker’s move was to create restrictions to banks from selfish investing mode that were not beneficial to their clients.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Volcker Rule in Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Volcker, the speculative trade system by the banks greatly contributed in 2007-2008 Wall Street meltdown, which caused a big world recession. The Volcker Rule (ban on property trading) means that clients’ deposits are used as part of the banks’ account for making profits on currencies, stocks and bonds, derivatives, commodities and several other financial instruments (Wieland, 2012). Critics against Volcker Rule Following Cheyenne (2012) analysis from SIFMA, a representative of world financial institutions, such as Bank of America, Goldman Sachs and the Blackrock, sees this move as limited to judicial scrutiny as there is evidenced fail in conduction of the system’s cost benefit analysis. It is impractical to implement the proposal as its cost benefit analysis does not meet the securities and exchange standards as reflected in the commission rule. The proposals have several unfilled gaps on dealing in underwriting, market-making trades and hedging transactions (Cheyenne, 2012). The move is seen to neglect some loopholes, such as increase on fees. Marketing banks might resolve in charging higher fees onto the investors with the restriction of holding block inventories. This might become the most probable cushioning for the banks. On the other hand, in purchase of customers’ inventory and facilitation, the marketers might decide to regulate the prices, thus going for the lower prices. The length of time taken by the inventories might also result in additional fees charged (Beck , Wieland, 2008). Some bankers argue that The Volcker Rule may evidently result in job loses as it changes the trading pattern. Reduction in liquidity in the banks in the US securities and marketing field will lead to translocation of business enterprises to better fields outside the United States. As a result, employment will shift to those areas. The American banks’ securities and incomes employ many people internationally. On the other hand, both the non-covered entities and hedge funds were not proportioned to meet customers’ liquidity demands (Beltrame 2012). Supports to the Rule However, as per Quaadman’s (2012) article, it must be considered that the Volcker Rule was geared towards exploitation of the consumers as well as protection into any future economic crisis. As Volcker said before, it was not evident that the proposal would have impact on liquidity, and the arguments were just but superficial.Advertising Looking for essay on business economi cs? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, trading in proprieties is a necessary part of not only commercial banks trading but also taxpayers’ support. Hence the banks generally have no strong grounds to critics on regarding the proposal. It is also clear that the issue actually played a critical part during the recession (Quaadman 2012) Clients and banks’ conflict may be reduced with the execution of the Volcker rule. Now, the banks constantly play an advisory role as well as a crediting one with their own clients which might mislead the customers towards the benefits of the banks. This is a move to ensure that the business environment between the bank and other sectors is well structured and healthy. Execution of the Volcker Rule may clarify the interrelationship between financial institutions and their customers (Quaadman 2012). Conclusion The Volcker Rule frightens bankers as they believe that once impl emented, it may create a tense trading environment. These banks have raised alarm on its tight policies and the urgency of implementation. Consequently, fears of increase in fees and interests to consumers are also expected. According to Volcker, ban property trading is not part of banks activities hence there is no basis for these counter arguments. Other groups believe that the Volcker Rule is the best rule in creating environment where customers as well as the trading organizations are protected. References Beck, G., Wieland, V. (2008). Central bank misperceptions and the role of money in interest rate rules. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Beltrame, J. (2012). Carney’s Intervention on Volcker rule draws fire from former IMF economist Canada: The Canadian Press. Web. Cheyenne, H. Silla, B. (2012).Volcker Rule Will Raise Risk, Costs for U.S. Financial System, Critics Say. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Volcker Rule in Trade specif ically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Quaadman, T. (2012). A Volcker Rule Primer for Non-Financial Corporate Counsel U.S. Chamber of Commerce. USA: Metropolitan Corporate Counsel. Wieland, V. (2012). A new comparative approach to macroeconomic modeling and policy analysis. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. This essay on Volcker Rule in Trade was written and submitted by user Audriana Pacheco to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Past Influences on Present Societies essay

buy custom Past Influences on Present Societies essay Colonialism was a major milestone in world history. European nations took over countries in Africa, Asia, and America in order to exploit resources and find markets for their manufactured products. However, many other effects resulted from colonization of different countries. Current socioeconomic or political situations in many countries are influenced by the systems introduced by the colonialists. Different countries were influenced in various ways by colonization. Some of the legacies introduced by colonialism have ended while other persist and are part of the social organization of different countries. This paper will look into some of the legacies that have persisted in different countries from colonialism. It will involve examples of countries where the legacies of colonialism are reflected in the organization and social structures of the countries. Ways through which legacies of colonialism are reflected in the world Discussion of religion as an important legacy Europeans travelled to their new colonies with the aim of converting the colonies into extensions of their home countries. This resulted in the expansion of their religious beliefs and practices to their colonies. Many of the countries that were colonized had traditional and indigenous religions that Europeans did not like. Christianity was the main religion practiced by Europeans. Therefore, the native communities in countries colonized by the Europeans were taught the importance and advantages of modern religions (Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin 40). Most of the countries that were colonized were converted into Christianity. Religion is a central part in the organization and socialization of a country. Colonialists were of the opinion that their religion was superior to the indigenous religions practiced by the natives in their colonies. Changes that were made by the Europeans concerning the religious beliefs of people in different European colonies have persisted to the current state. Many countries in Africa, Asia, and America practice the religions that were introduced by their colonial powers. This situation resulted in variations along the lines of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. These countries chose their religions based on the beliefs of their colonialists, as opposed to their early beliefs. Countries that were colonized by the Germans or Portuguese are mostly protestant while many Italian colonies are Roman Catholic (Poddar, Patke and Jensen 358). The colonialists discouraged the practice and teaching of other religions such as Islam. The colonizers felt that their culture and religious practices were superior to those of their colonies, which they termed as backward. Most of the native people in the colonies were convinced about the superiority of European culture and religion and followed them. In light of this, most of the people in former European colonies still practice the religions introduced by their colonial leaders. The motives for colonization were varied, while most of the colonizers were interested in the resources that the colonies had, others were interested in spreading modernity. This resulted in their persistence in teaching the doctrines of westernization, which included teaching Christianity to the natives. Assimilation was the main strategy that Europeans used to get conformance from the natives. It was thus necessary for them to ensure that the teachings would be followed without rebellion. Europeans gauged their power in comparison with other European nations by considering how much influence they had on their colonies. Therefore, they ensured that the doctrines of religion and their beliefs were incorporated in the administration of their colonies. Western imperialism was central in the indoctrination of native colonies for the Europeans. This perspective of the superiority of Western religions compared to native religions practiced in different colonies has persisted to the present (Duiker and Spielvogel 816). This makes religion one of the most significant reflections of colonial legacy in the world. Discussion of Economic Activities as a Legacy of Colonialism Economic activities practiced in different parts of the world vary depending on resource endowment. Colonialists viewed resource endowment as the main factor influencing their decisions to colonize other countries. Africa, for example, was colonized for its resources in minerals and arable land. The colonialists were only interested in the raw materials that they could derive from their colonies. This meant that little processing was done in the colonies. The colonies were also markets for the finished products that emanated from the industrial revolution in Europe (Chiriyankaandath 38). Colonialists were of the opinion that their wealth as nations could be increased by gaining control over resources in other countries and exporting as much as possible. This legacy has persisted in many developing countries that were former colonies. They maintain trade ties with their former colonial superiors by exporting raw materials to them. The result of this is economic activities that focus on the production of primary products such as unprocessed raw materials and agricultural products. Most countries in Africa produce raw agricultural goods such as coffee, cotton and others, which are exported for processing in other countries. This was the organization of the economy during the colonial era. European nations wanted colonies to extract minerals and agricultural raw materials such as cotton, which were exported to Europe for processing. Although this practice results in loss of revenue due to the low value of exports, many former colonies import the processed products from their buyers of raw materials. This practice was embedded in the policies implemented by the colonial rulers in order to retain economic control over their colonies. Policy change in these countries has been slow in these countries, with the former colonialists having control of government agencies in order to protect their interests. Production of primary goods is labor intensive, which the colonialists utilized for their economic progress. Economic emphasis in different colonies was dependent on the abundant resource in the colony. This resulted in varied types of economies in the territories. Production was meant or exports, as opposed to local consumption, which has influenced economic practice in former colonies today. Many former colonies still focus on the producing of products for export such as production of cash crops, instead of food crops. Legal and governance system as a legacy of colonialism Many colonial territories had indigenous governance systems that they followed before their colonization. The colonial governments had to impose their rule on the territories in order to gain control and govern them effectively. The governance policies implemented in the different colonies were in line with the governance structures of their colonial rulers. The legal systems of many colonies such as those in Africa were deemed as being disorganized and ineffective in giving adequate control to a central government. Colonizers, therefore, had to implement their legal systems to govern the territories. Upon independence, many former colonies did not change the legal systems that were put in place by the colonialists. In many cases, colonies had a common constitution with their colonizers. The government structures in these colonies, therefore, resemble those of the colonizers. Judicial and other administrative systems are also derived from the colonial government. The maintenance of law and order in the colonies was the main reason for the setting up of colonial governments. This resulted in a government that did not act in the interests of the natives. Therefore, the governance structures were undemocratic and imposed rules and policies on people. Decisions and policies were made in the government without any input from the local people. This practice has persisted in many former colonies especially in Africa, where government policies are implemented with minimal input from the citizens. Though most countries have adopted democratic forms of government, participation of people in decision-making is limited in matters such as formulation of the national budget. Government and legal systems are very crucial in a country. The legacy of colonialism on the legal system adopted in the countries is significant because it was difficult for the former colonies to change these structures after the end of colonialism. The legal and governance structures of many countries are greatly influenced by the structures introduced by the colonial government. Examples Spread of Christianity in the Philippines The Philippines is the only country in Asia, which is predominantly Christian. A majority of the people in this county are Roman Catholics, with only 5% being followers of the indigenous Asian religions such as Taoist Buddhism and other indigenous animistic religions. This spread of Christianity in the country resulted from the long period of colonization of the country by Spain. Spaniards colonized the Philippines between 1550 and 1898 and influenced the religious beliefs of the Natives. Most of the communities in the country were not centralized, and power was vested in few individuals such as warriors and headmen (Russell). The political organization of the country enabled the Spaniards to convert large numbers of people. One of the first strategies used by the Spaniards in converting the natives to Roman Catholicism was mass baptism of locals as a favor from Chief Humab for healing his son. The Spanish friars were protective of the people against collonial oppression, which won them favor from the locals. Christianity is practiced in a variety of forms in the country; the native Filipinos adapted the practices of Roman Catholicism. Initially, the Spanish clergy destroyed indigenous religion by destroying their places of worship and their idols. New moralities were also imposed on the Filipinos by discouraging polygamy, slave holing, and consumption of alcohol (Russell). In essence, the colonization of the Philippines resulted in a legacy of syncretism in the form of Christianity practiced in the country. Catholic practices introduced by the Spaniards blended with the indigenous practices of the native Filipinos. The legacy of colonialism on the religious practices of Filipinos is evident in the enactment of Christian scriptures, which were used to teach Christianity to the natives by the Catholic Priests (Russell). Kenya as an Agriculture-Driven Economy Kenya was one of the countries in Eastern Africa that was colonized by the British. The British colonialists were interested in the agricultural potential of the country. The central highlands were especially lucrative for the British due to the resemblance of the climate to that of their homeland. Their exploitation of the country was in introducing cash crops such as coffee and tea, which would be exported to Europe for processing. The native4s were forced to grow coffee and tea on their land, as opposed to food crops such as sorghum and sweet potatoes, which were common. The productivity of the land in these crops was high, and the British discovered the importance the climatic conditions for these crops, which were important for their industries (Ndege 10). Development of development of the economy and over reliance on agriculture can be traced to the colonial economy. The British exported the harvested tea, coffee, and other products for processing in their country meaning that there was little development of industries in Kenya. The market for these primary products was used as a tool for exploitation and political control. This legacy has persistent in recent times through the regulation of prices by the government (Ndege 7). The economy also has a narrow base, which was inherited from the colonial structure of limited diversification. The economy is also dependent on Britain in terms of technology and financing. This means that the deficit in the balance of trade because of the economic structure is a significant impact of the legacy of British colonialism in Kenya (Ndege 8). French colonial governance in Guinea The governance institutions implemented by the colonial government in Guinea were meant to suppress the natives. This was aimed at allowing the French exploit the resources available in the country. They were mainly principles of denomination, which was the mission of colonialism (Sawyer 3). Democracy was not a very significant item in the agenda of governance practices implemented in the country. The government is over centralized, which results in too much control on the founders. The structure of governance implemented in Guinea was specifically meant to prevent rebellion from the natives such as the Samoure Toure led resistance. The nature of the colonial experience in Guinea shaped judicial and other forms of legal governance in the country. The French administration was repressive and extractive, which resulted in low levels of goodwill between the elites and the government. Guinean leaders wanted immediate freedom from the French, which caused an angry response from the French. The abrupt departure of the French resulted in destabilization of the country. The Malinke leadership took over the social order in the country causing a divide in the country. Political parties that were formed in the country were aimed at filling the gap left by the abrupt exit of the French. The first political party was formed by trade unionists and focused on democratic centralism (Sawyer 5). Therefore, the structure of political parties in Guinea is a direct replication of th e structure of governance adopted by the French colonialists. Conclusion From this analysis, it is clear that colonialism resulted in aspects that have persisted in the social, economic, and political structures in the former colonies. The religion imposed on the natives in The Philippines resulted in development of syncretic religion, which incorporates aspects of the indigenous religion in Roman Catholicism. The legacy of colonialism on economic development is clear from the analysis of the Kenyan economy, which is based on agriculture and little diversification in manufacturing. French colonization of Guinea led to development of democratically centric political parties modeled after the policies implemented by the French colonial government in the country. This paper, therefore, provides some of the examples of reflection of legacies of colonialism today. Buy custom Past Influences on Present Societies essay

Some of the Possible Learning Disabilities that Face Organizations Assignment - 1

Some of the Possible Learning Disabilities that Face Organizations - Assignment Example As the employees strive to enhance his loyalty to the organization that he currently works with, it is often seen that over time the employee will result to unintentionally confuse his job with his own personal identity. This will create a situation where the inability by the employee to separate his own personal identity from that of his job creates the learning disability that Senge describes in his book as â€Å"I am my position.† A personal experience illustrating this disability was evident in my uncle who after a long period of being unemployed, he finally managed to get a good well paying job that offered great benefits and handsomely rewarded any extra input that a person made to the organization beyond the normal working hours. In a few short weeks, all of his conversations were quickly characterized by his constant referral to his new job. He never missed the opportunity to speak highly of his new job and what he was doing for his company. After a while, the novelty of being forced to constantly hear about his new job quickly wore off. It became apparent to the entire family that my uncle was equating his success at his job to his own personal achievements; this was despite his losing out on the social front and was quickly becoming a pariah among friends and family who were making efforts to avoid him and his tedious story. A possible cure for this learning disability can be achieved by my uncle following the 11th law of the Fifth disciple. According to (Senge, 2006), this law basically states that â€Å"There is no one to blame†. People often tend to blame their circumstances for the difficulties and challenges that they happen to experience. My uncle needs to realize that the cure to this problem lies in the relationship with his â€Å"enemy†, which happens to be himself. He should actively take steps and measures that will ensure that he effectively manages to separate his own personal life from his job and views them differently.     

Types of Consumer Behaviour and their Impacts Case Study

Types of Consumer Behaviour and their Impacts - Case Study Example There are different ways in which consumers behave when buying goods and services hence forming four classes of consumer behaviour. Some consumers are described as opportunistic stop buyers and such have no specific place of buying their products but rather they get them from any vendor or service provider they meet. In comparison to the financial sector, these consumers are not patriotic to a specific bank or microfinance but their transactions are made at any bank or financial service provider that has advertised its services in an appealing way. It has been reported that consumers exhibit this behaviour in the financial sector due to the high interest rates charged in banks. Such companies should take into consideration the fact that if interest rates charged on borrowed loans continues to raise uncontrollably the customers will flee to banks that offer manageable rates. They should also be honest and give their customers any accumulated dividends and shares. Other customers will exhibit opportunistic store buying whereby they also have no specific preference of a certain brand but their unique character is that they buy products through partnering with other stakeholders who act as intermediaries. Their difference with opportunistic spot buyer is that they buy their products in bulk whereby the intermediary subsidizes the prices.

Case Study #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study #4 - Essay Example This again will give me an edge in successfully counsel them as not only will they be more comfortable with me, they will also be able to confide more personal details and important events of their current lives which they normally would not have done so. Now there is a single case in these 12 cases which is proving to be harder to manage. The boy's name is Ray. He was doing well enough till the time came when he started not coming for counseling sessions. On digging deeper into the matter, it was found out that he has started hanging with company which will only worsen his situation of academic hardship. The reason which his mates have given for this behavior is that he is made fun of in school. While the rest of the group of my ''breakfast club'' is doing well enough, I will continue on track with them. But, for Ray, I will have to make an extra effort if a really want to help in making the boy's future successful. The best option I have at the particular moment is to make Ray more comfortable with talking and approaching me with his problems. To do this, I will have to call him for my counseling sessions regularly because, as stated previously, "breakfast clubs" help in unwinding the child and also help in making that atmosphere a little less academic and a bit friendlier. This will give me the required time and place to start my counseling while he is most comfortable with his surroundings. The best theory to

4G Technology An Analysis

4G Technology An Analysis 4G refers to the Fourth Generation of cellular wireless standards in telecommunications that will succeed it predecessors 3G 2G. It is a high-speed broadband wireless network that offered comprehensive secure all IP based services. According to the ITU, requirements for 4G standards were specified by IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunication-Advanced). The data rates of 4G service for high mobility communication was set to 100 Mbps and low mobility communication was set to 1 Gbps. It focuses on cellular system with extremely high data rates the concept of seamless technology in all wireless systems. Carriers that are using OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) as an alternative to TDMA and CDMA are promoting their services as 4G even though their data rates are not high according to the ITU. 4G outdoor users that have Internet access through cell phones or smart phones were promised to have a targeted data speed of around 100 Mbps by the IMT-Advanced and the data speed for indoor users such as LAN (Local Area Network) was suppose to be around 1Gbps. This type of higher speed for both fixed and mobile Internet users is truly amazing. 4G proposes scalable channel bandwidth flexibility of up to 40 MHz. The network resources are dynamically utilized shared to sustain more simultaneous users over each call. 4G also has the ability to propose high QoS (Quality of Service) for multimedia support and offer smooth handover heterogeneous networks. It must also have the ability to offer wireless LAN roaming interact with systems used for video broadcasting. Figure 5: Seamless Connection of Networks in 4G [5]. The 4G architecture comprises of 3 crucial areas of connectivity namely PAN (Personal Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network Cellular Connectivity Each device will have the ability to interact with the Internet based information that is modified over the network used by the device at that time. This structure can support a wide range of 4G mobile devices that sustain global roaming. In 4G networks users that join the network have the ability to add mobile routers to the infrastructure. Changing user patterns can be accommodated by dynamically shifting network capacity coverage. Creating additional routes as the concentration of people is higher in one area compared to the other enables additional access to the capacity of the network. Users can easily avoid congested routes by hoping to the less congested routes. This allows the network to automatically balance the capacity by increasing the network utilization. The service for all the users improve with the increase in number of users. Need for 4G One of the questions that come to mind when thinking about future 4G systems is there need. The first application to be mobilized was voice telephony, few years ago. The short message service (SMS) was the first application to be introduced as a mass-market application. The hardware complexity was not an issue at the given time along with the advantage of small bandwidth requirements. The SMS was just the commencement of various data services like mobile email, web browsing etc. The key feature in most of them was the packet based wireless networks carrying IP data in one hand and powerful terminals that could cope with these applications on the other. Although the network capacity is still not an issue due to less number of users, there are number of reasons for increased bandwidth requirements in the future. First, the number of wireless users increases exponentially resulting into an increase in bandwidth requirement. Second, the popularity of video and music downloads has increas ed immensely within few years. The information content in a video or music is more than the corresponding text but so is the capacity requirement. Last but not the least, mobile social networks have taken the current internet usage to a much higher level. Picture viewing sites, web blogs and also video sharing sites have reshaped the internet. The need for 4G arises from insufficient performances by 3G to meet the future needs several incompatible standards. The requirement for service portability, universal mobility the need for hybrid networks including both WLAN cellular network design led to the invention of 4G. New modulation methods that offered higher bandwidth with the help of an all IP based network with converged data voice capability were possible only by 4G. The chief characteristic developed by 4G was to offer accommodation for the QoS services that were set as requirements by the ITU. 4G technology guarantees secure, comprehensive invulnerable IP based mobile service solutions for wireless modems, laptops, smartphones other mobile devices. Applications such as Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), mobile TV, wireless broadband access, video chat, and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) are being urbanized to use a 4G network. Other IP based services include enhanced gaming, high quality multimedia streaming, IP telephony really fast broadband Internet can be accessed. This groundbreaking technology will have many more facilities available to users all around the world. Imagine having the ability to access information and services anytime, anywhere with a seamless connection as well as receiving large quantity of information, pictures, data video are the key aspects of 4G technology. The future 4G networks would consists of a set of numerous networks having IP based services as their common protocol such that the users are in control can choose each application and environment. The chief achievement would be integrating 4G technology with the existing cellular technologies with the help of advanced technologies. The main features of 4G services that interest the users specifically are high dynamic integration application adaptability. This means services are delivered available to the users as per their preference users traffic, radio environment air interfaces are all supported by 4G. Over the years researchers have been working on ways of fulfilling the above needs. Ethernet, Wireless LAN and TD-CDMA, were all supported by the developed network overall. The mobile technology of 4G should be focusing on the data-rate increase, new air-interface. The so-called core of the technology, OWA platform should also be embedded with high-speed wireless systems and wireless mobile system. It should also, Reuse many different access technologies as possible thereby implementing various functions using the IP-based protocols and technologies. Provide real-time services with high enough quality like the current cellular networks. Accessibility to services that should not be affected by the handover interruption. Mobile systems should have interfaces from various technologies simultaneously specially to TDCDMA (UMTS-TDD), wireless LANs (802.11b), and fixed networks (Ethernet). Be capable of accessing to routers and provide an interface between a wired network domain and wireless. A single access router directly mapped to a single cell controls an IP subnet. Provide a network management server for mobility management, charging, Quality of Service, security and paging issues in a fixed network. Features of 4G Features of 4G Wireless Systems: User Personalization and Friendliness: The combination of personalization and friendliness is a key feature in 4G. The well-designed transparency allows man and the machine to interact naturally and is well appreciated. The operator can send the data to the user depending on his/her preference or the data can even be filtered at the user end based on his/her requirement. In order to address a mass market and gain a positive impact on peoples lifestyle it should be kept in mind that every user wants to feel unique and important. Thus personalization enables the user to configure his device and select the services according to his preferences. The combination hence confers the right value to the users expense. Heterogeneity: 4G should have a definite advantage in the users day-to-day life. This is obtained by combining the network and terminology heterogeneity, both of which contribute equally to the efficiency of usage. With network heterogeneity, omni-directional connection and common service can be obtained thereby assuring certain level of quality of service. Heterogeneity enables a user to access and perform multiple things simultaneously for example, if a user wants to buy tickets to a museum and listen to music, he can do that. Terminals in 4G may have to some common services out of their capabilities due to which tailoring of the content might become necessary. Since it is based on IP wireless connectivity, the optimization of internet is maximized. The circuit switching technology is replaced by packet switching. The specificity of an IP, thus increase the speed along with the reliability of transfer of data. The bandwidth is around 100Mhz and speed of data transmission up to 1 Gbps. Support: It supports multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other broadband services. Cost Effective: Transmission costs of various multimedia services are very low. High capacity, high speed and low cost per bit. Cost of leased spectrum figures in greatly in reaching profitability. For example, the initial resistance from the investment society is a hindrance for WiMAX. This in turn pushes the operators to create new ways of increasing capital. Global mobility, service portability and scalable mobile networks. Seamless switching or usually referred as handover is gaining popularity. Availability of inter- and intra- technology handovers promises minimum or no interruption thereby assuring Quality of Service (QoS). This is achieved with the help of continuous transparent maintenance of services and inclusion of WiFi to OFDMA. Better scheduling and call admission control techniques are available. Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks: the independency from routers and access points is an added advantage. The dynamic activation of sender and receiver nodes is similar to a real-time system that is definitely a plus point of 4G. Also the network topology comes into play where every node is contributing to the data transmission. Mobility of users across multiple terminals and terminals across multiple technologies. Confidentiality of both user traffic and the network control information. 4G uses the IPV6 address scheme resulting in every cell having its own IP address. Interlayer security is provided in which only one layer is configured to do encryption on data. Predecessors of 4G LTE Long Term Evolution LTE (Long Term Evolution) is yet another technology under the brand of 4G technology. LTE is capable of giving a full support to the spectrum bands. Upgrading the current 3G networks to WiMAX is difficult in comparison to LTE. The pre 4G technology is known as 3GPP Long Term Evolution. If a 20 MHz channel is used LTE has a capacity of up to 50 Mbps in the uplink 100 Mbps in the downlink. WiMAX- Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access WiMAX or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a faster Wi-Fi listed under 4G. Mobile operators using the latest spectrum bands benefits most from the WiMAX. If a 20 MHz channel is used WiMAX would offer data rates up to 56 Mbps in uplink 128 Mbps downlink. UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) is based on TCP/IP networking technologies cascaded over next generation radio system with data rates up to 280 Mbps. The system was intended to be more proficient powerful of supplying more services than the technologies it was suppose to replace. UMB was the name within 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the mobile standards for next generation applications requirements. Qualcomm is UMBs lead sponsor ended the development of this technology supporting LTE instead. It intended to achieve data rates over 275 Mbps downstream over 75 Mbps upstream. Flash OFDM At an initial stage Flash-OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) was supposed to be integrated into a 4G standard. 4G Architecture 1G wireless telecommunications led to the invention of the first kind of wireless cellular architecture that is still being offered by most cellular network providers. 2G could support more users in a cell than 1G by using digital technology. This technology gave access to many more callers by making use of the same multiplexed channel. It was primarily used for voice communication also included some very limited low rate data features such as SMS (Short Messaging Service). 2.5G gave access to the carriers to increase the data rates with just software upgrades with just making the users buy new handsets. 3G promised its users to offer greater bandwidth higher data rates that grants permission to send as well as receive more information. All 3 generations still have the Cellular Architecture or Star Topology where users within that cell can access a common central BTS (Base Transceivers Stations). The major advantage is that with this architecture carriers are able to construct nationwide networks, which most of the major carriers have already done. The major disadvantages of these networks as we progress are that as the data rate increases the output power increases so the size of the cell needs to be decreased in order to accommodate higher data rates. We would observe smaller cells as the consumers got scared with the increase in the output power. Some of the other disadvantages include no load balancing, singular failure point and spectral inefficiencies. The two very important characteristics of 4G technologies are: End-to-End Internet Protocol Peer-to-Peer Networking An all IP network would allow the users to use the same data applications that they use in wired networks. In peer-to-peer networking each device acts as a transceiver and a router for all the other devices in the network. This architecture eliminates the failure of single node. 4G is referred to as an ad hoc wireless networking technology, a combination of above characteristics. 4G plays a significant role by allowing users that are joining the network, the approach to add mobile routers to the existing infrastructure. The usage patterns for consumers dynamically shifts the coverage network capacity to be accommodate the changes as the users carry most of the networks with them. The users congregate leading to high demands of usage that also enables access to the network capacity as they create additional routes for each other. They tend to automatically skip from congested routes to lesser-congested routes. This authorizes the network to automatically balance capacity leading to an increase in network utilization. The user device that operate as router are basically a part of the infrastructure. So instead of carriers reducing the cost of devices they actually minimized and deployed the network of the carrier. 4G Mobile Network Architecture Each user interprets 4G mobile communications differently. For some its purely provides higher data rates to radio interfaces but for other it is internetworking of wireless LAN and cellular technologies. In order to accommodate traffic demand foreseen in an economically feasible way , 4G mobile networks must accomplish manifold increase in capacity in comparison to its forerunner. Mobile networks are planned for circuit switched voice until now. Fourth Generation wireless architecture was planned as heterogeneous infrastructure consisting of distinctive access systems in a corresponding manner. The user supporting personal agents enjoys unrestricted and ubiquitous connectivity to various applications over the available network. The figure below illustrates potential 4G mobile network architecture including cellular, satellite radio, ad-hoc and hot spot components. A BSC (Base Station Controller) accumulates calls from various base stations, enables handoffs, allot radio channels between BS (Base Station) and hands over calls to a more central mobile switching center. The emerging data networks overlie the existing voice architecture. With the increase in the data traffic this architecture has turned out to be cumbersome difficult to be managed with several network entities. The architecture contains common core Network connected to different wireless and wired networks. It is then connected to PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)/ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) via GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). GGSN is the chief component of the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network. The GGSN is accountable for internetworking between packet switched networks and GPRS network such as Internet. This architecture is associated to 2G via SGSN(Serving GPRA Support Node) from BSC. SGSN is accountable for distribution of data packets to and from mobile stations within its physical service area. Wireless communication is facilitated between UE (User Equipment) and the network by a piece of equipment known as BTS (Base Transreceiver Station). The connection to 3G is through SGSN towards Node B via RNC (Radio Network Controllers). In 2G networks, Node B is equivalent to BTS. RNC replaces BSC and connects to various networks such as Ad-hoc mobile networks and WLAN access networks. Signaling protocols like SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) are extensively used for setting and tearing multimedia communication sessions like video and voice calls above the Internet. The future of mobile communication networks will face challenges in incorporating and integrating various wireless technologies and mobile architectures to achieve flawless wireless infrastructure. Networking technology, has accepted that wireless or wired networks can interface with the core over the IP protocol. IPv6 4G Network Architecture The 4G architecture that supports flawless mobility between distinctive access technologies has an IPv6 based network architecture. Handovers between inter-technology need to be supported else mobility issues will arise. IP network architecture eliminates the voice-centric structure from the network. Instead of packet data overlaying on voice network separate, rather simple data architecture can be implemented which eliminates multiple elements from the network. BSC functions are equally distributed among media gateway router and BS over WAN. These include Radio Bearer control, dynamic allocations and radio resource management that are handled by base stations whereas gateway router handles distribution of paging messages and security. Ethernet- 802.3 is used for grant wired access and Ethernet -802.11 is used for LAN access. The radio interface W-CDMA of UMTS is used extensively for cellular access. This arises the need for mobility to be implemented in the network layer as it cant be handled by the lower layers. IPv6 mechanism is used for internetworking eliminating the need to use internal procedure for handover over any technology. This clarifies that no internal procedures are sustained in W-CDMA cells but the same IP protocol facilitates the movement among the cells. The figure above illustrates a few handover potential in such a network to accommodate a moving user. The users can handover among any of theses technologies without splitting the network connection as well as supporting voice connections. The users have the opportunity to wander between administrative domains while having the capability to use their services across domains. There should be appropriate agreements among the existing domains. The service providers have the capability to track the usage of their consumers both on and off their network like while roaming. The entire network inclusive of all management functions and applications was being employed with the IPv6 protocol over the Linux environment. AAAC and QoS subsystems were responsible for providing service to each user according to the SLA (Service Level Agreement). The software for these was extended resorting to a combination of existing implementations and newly included modules. The 4 administrative domains are depicted in the figure with various access technologies. An AAAC (Authentication, Authorization, Auditing and Charging) system manages each administrative domain. At least one network access control entity, the QoS Broker, is required per domain. Due to the requirements of full service control by the provider, all the handovers are explicitly handled by the management infrastructure through IP-based protocols, even when they are intra- technology, such as between two different Access Points in 802.11, or between two different Radio Network Controllers in WCDMA [7]. The network providers are responsible for all the network resources while the user control their local network, applications and terminal. The key characteristics of this network architecture are : A User : It refers to a company or a person with SLA constricted with a provider for certain set of services. The architecture is concerned about granting access to the users and not specific terminals. MT (Mobile Terminal) : It is the terminal that gives access to the users for services. The network architecture can support terminal portability leading to the sharing of the terminal among various users though not at the same time. AR (Access Router) : This is the generic mode of connection to the network that gets the name of RG (Radio Gateway) for basically wireless access. PA (Paging Agent) : it is responsible for situating MT when it is idle and there are packets that need to be delivered to it. QoS Broker : it is solely responsible for managing one or more ARs. the AAAC system provides information that is used to control user access and access rights. AAAC System : It is responsible for SLA including charging and accounting. NMS (Network Management System) : It is responsible for overall network control and management. This entity guarantees and manages the accessibility of resources in the main network. This network is proficient of supporting several functions namely : Confidentiality both of user traffic and of the network control information QoS levels guaranties to traffic flows Inter-operator information interchange for multiple-operator scenarios Mobility of terminals across multiple technologies Mobility of users across multiple terminals IMT-Advanced Network Architecture The ITU specified IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) specifications for 4G standards. The data rate requirements for 4G service was set at 100 Mbps for high-level mobility communication and 1 Gbps for low-level mobility communication. Pre-4G technologies such as WiMAX and LTE have been in the market for a while. The most current version of these technologies do not accomplish the ITU requirements for 4G service. IMT-Advanced in compliance with the above 2 technologies are still under development and are namely called LTE-Advanced WirelessMan-Advanced The figure above illustrates the perception of a unified architecture developed by IMT-Advanced network built on IP as the common layer protocol. This interface facilitates services that allow the use of communication networks by the yet to be developed devices. With significant improvements in access speeds popular applications in wire line can be transferred under wireless networks in a identical flawless way. Application of 4G: Virtual Presence : 4G would provide user services to its users at all times irrespective of the fact that the user is on or offsite. The location applications of 4G would maintain a virtual database containing graphical representations and physical characteristics of metropolitan areas. This database can be accessed by users from anywhere by using appropriate wireless equipment, which would give the platform to appear virtual. Tele-medicine : 4G would create a platform to monitor the health of patients remotely through video-conferencing with the capability for doctors assistance at anywhere and at anytime. Crisis-Management Applications: Natural disasters leading to the breakdown of entire communications infrastructure needs to be restored as quickly as possible. In general it may take about a week or so to restore the services with 4G the communication services can be re-established in a couple of hours. Virtual Navigation: It will provide virtual navigation to users so that they can access virtual database to visualize the internal design of buildings. It requires very high speed of transmission. Tele-Geo Processing Applications: It would integrate GPS (Global Positioning System) and GIS (Geographical Information Systems) providing the users with location querying. Education: 4G would provide the opportunity to the people across the globe to continue on-line education in a cost effective manner. Multimedia-Video Services: 4G wireless technology is anticipated to deliver high data rates of multimedia services efficiently. There are two different types of video services: Streaming video and Bursting. Streaming is used only for real-time services and bursting is used for file download using a buffer and can take advantage of the entire available bandwidth. An appropriate solution for operators who are looking to achieve monetary and technical efficiency in their upgrade path would be combining the 2G-3G with 4G network functions. A SGSN+MME node and a GGSN+SGW+PGW node can act as a node for both 2G/3G and a 4G network. There are various solutions that offer flexibility to sparate functions when the traffic grows. 4G evolutions can be eased out by slowly converting the current systems into an integrated 2G/3G/4G system and then ultimately to a 4G system. LTE and SAE requirements are ardently followed. This solution, so far provided by Cisco enables one to enjoy the advantages of the existing system along with the augmentation of 4G so that operators can still use the present system if and when desired. It can support 2G/3G today and through a software upgrade these solutions can support 4G functionality as well when LTE networks are deployed. Cisco claims that operators need not perform forklift upgrades when evolving to 4G. Existing SG SN,GGSN, or PDG can be upgraded to 4G functional elements MME,SGW,PGW, and ePDG through the solution. The existence of a software upgrade solution to switch from 2G/3G to 4G shows the compatibility of 4G with 2G/3G.

Quiz Chapter 15

Question 1: Suppose you walk across a room carrying a bucket of water in your right hand. To keep the water from sloshing out, you walk at constant speed, making sure the bucket is kept at the same height above the ground. Which statement is true? a) You exert a force on the bucket and do work on the bucket as you carry it. b) You exert a force on the bucket but do no work on the bucket. c) You don’t exert a force on the bucket and you do no work on it. Answers: b Question 2: TRUE or FALSE: If an object moves from one point in space to another, then work has been done on the object. a) TRUE b) FALSE Answers: bQuestion 3: Suppose you push on a heavy table and the table doesn’t move. The work that you do is a) positive. b) zero. c) negative. Answers: b Question 4: A hockey puck slides across the ice and eventually comes to a stop. Which statement is true? a) The work done by gravity is zero. b) The work done by gravity is equal to the gravitational force times the distanc e the puck slides. c) The work done by gravity cannot be calculated. Answers: A Question 5: You lift a book bag straight upwards off the floor. Which statement is correct? a) You do the same work whether you lift the book bag quickly or slowly. ) You exert the same power whether you lift the book bag quickly or slowly. c) The work you do is zero, making the power also zero. Answers: A Question 6: Any object that has kinetic energy must be a) moving. b) falling. c) high above the ground. d) at rest. Answers: A Question 7: A book is at rest on a tabletop. One student calculates the potential energy as 15 J. Another student calculates the potential energy as 20 J. Which statement is correct? a) One or both of the students must have calculated the potential energy incorrectly. b) Both answers could be correct. c) Both answers are wrong because they use the wrong units. Read also Quiz Week 4Answers: b Question 8: TRUE or FALSE: An object that moves faster has greater potential energy. a) TRUE b) FALSE Answers: b Question 9: A ball is thrown straight up into the air (with no air resistance). Where is the ball’s potential energy the greatest? a) When it is first released b) Half way up c) At its highest point Answers: c Question 10: A softball player hits a â€Å"pop up† (where the ball is hit high above the infield). As the ball rises, we know that a) the kinetic energy increases as the potential energy decreases. b) the kinetic energy decreases as the potential energy increases. ) the kinetic energy and potential energy both increase. d) the kinetic energy and potential energy both decrease. Answers: b Question 11: TRUE or FALSE: A small fly can have a bigger momentum than a large truck. a) TRUE b) FALSE Answers: a Question 12: You and a friend stand on ice skates facing each other in the middle of a frozen pond. If you throw a basketb all to your friend (who happens to weigh less than you do), what happens? a) You and your friend both move away from each other at the same speed. b) Your friend moves away from you at a faster speed than you have. ) Your friend moves away from you at a slower speed than you have. d) You don’t move but your friend moves away at a very fast speed. Answers: b Question 13: A tetherball is made by attaching one end of a rope to a ball and the other to a pole. After you hit the ball, the rope wraps around the pole as the ball circles it with a shorter radius each time it goes around. Which of the following statements is correct about the ball after it is hit? a) Both the angular momentum and the speed of the ball increase. b) Both the angular momentum and the speed of the ball decrease. ) The angular momentum of the ball stays constant while the speed of the ball increases. d) The angular momentum of the ball stays constant while the speed of the ball decreases. Answers: c Questio n 14: As a tornado becomes more narrow, the rotational speed a) decreases. b) increases. c) stays the same. Answers: b Question 15: You see a rocket fly by with a speed that you measure to be close to the speed of light. a) The person standing on the ground sees the rocket looking â€Å"compressed† along the direction of motion, while the person in the rocket sees the person on the ground looking â€Å"stretched. b) The person standing on the ground sees the rocket looking â€Å"compressed† along the direction of motion, and the person in the rocket sees the person on the ground also looking â€Å"compressed. † c) The person standing on the ground sees the rocket looking â€Å"stretched† along the direction of motion, while the person in the rocket sees the person on the ground looking â€Å"compressed. † d) The person standing on the ground sees the rocket looking â€Å"stretched† along the direction of motion, and the person in the rocket sees the person on the ground also looking â€Å"stretched. † Answers: b

Against School Essay

In his essay â€Å"Against School† John Gatto argues that public education cripples America’s kids in many different aspects of their lives. Gatto claims that compulsory schooling is what is wrong with our nation’s educational system. He states that schools are really laboratories of experimentation on young minds and drill centers for the habits and attitudes that society demands. â€Å"I had more than enough reason to think of our schools—with their long-term, cell-block-style, forced confinement of both students and teachers-as virtual factories of childishness (Gatto, Against School). † The only real purpose of schools, Gatto believes, is to turn the children into servants. Throughout their twelve years of schooling students are forced to conform to society’s expectations, and along the way the students and teachers lose the value of a true education. Do we really need school? Does school have to be in this exact design, â€Å"Six classes a day, five days a week, nine months a year, for twelve years (Gatto, Against School)? † Does it mean attending a cold lifeless classroom, surrounded by fellow students that are bored with their studies and a teacher who seems to have little to no motivation left? Gatto specifies a significant number of successful Americans that were not put through the schooling system but still turned out to be productive such as, George Washington. Gatto says, â€Å" We have been taught (that is, schooled) in this country to think of â€Å"success† as synonymous with, or at least dependent upon, â€Å"schooling,† but historically that isn’t true in either an intellectual or financial sense. † Gatto believes the main reason for the existence of schooling is to train uniform citizens and reduce originality, therefore, making every individual the same. Also, he says the school system is made for certain profits to the economy because it encourages obedience to authority and promotes manipulation in children’s attitudes, including the determination of their social roles. The schooling system’s main focus is to integrate the social, economic and political economy into the children’s studies. Ultimately, Gatto concludes that school drills children to be employees and consumers. A child’s capacity for imagination and maturity is limited rather than encouraged by compulsory schooling, which should have never been the case. There still may be a glimpse of hope at the end of this darkened tunnel. Gatto claims that if teachers and parents put enough effort in, they could help kids â€Å"take† an education rather than receive it. When children â€Å"take† an education they are active participants in their future, which becomes the key to their success. However, when students passively receive an education they may have the knowledge on hand but do not know how to put it to use. He supposes he can bring out the best qualities in children by giving them the chance to make decisions and take risks from time to time, rather than confining them to schooling. By encouraging the best qualities of youthfulness, introducing kids to competent adults, allowing children to take personal risks and being more flexible about time, texts, and tests Gatto believes the whole outlook on our schooling system could be changed. Throughout his essay, â€Å"Against School† Gatto warns of the dangers of our public schooling systems yet, his cynicism is balanced with positive suggestions for those who want change. He illustrates how school is a prison where children are forced to grow up at a rapid pace and are denied the right to make their own decisions. On the other hand, he suggests that if you know the logic behind school systems, their traps can easily be avoided and therein lies his answer: â€Å"School trains children to be employees and consumers; teach your own to be leaders and adventurers. School trains children to obey reflexively; teach your own to think critically and independently (Gatto, Against School). † Gatto gives various examples about how teachers can take action to make the school system better but when they don’t reach beyond the norm the responsibility for ensuring a truly educated and mature child may depend upon the parents.

Free Essays on How Smoking Affects Women

How smoking affects women â€Å"We are losing too many of our mothers and daughters prematurely as a result of smoking.† (Tommy Thomson, Health and Human Services Secretary) Cigarette smoking has been part of the American culture for decades. Smoking is the nation’s leading cause of preventable death, claming more than 400,000 lives a year, according to the federal government. (Neergaard) It has been proven time and again that tobacco products not only increase the risk of disease in humans, but also increases the chances of taking human lives. In 1964, the Surgeon General’s report on smoking increased awareness of the damage it causes among Americans. However, since that report, the war on tobacco companies has been focused on preventing our young people from starting the habit. However, America is not yet fully aware of the hazardous and devastating effects smoking has had on women. In 1999, approximately 165,000 women died prematurely from smoking-related diseases, such as cancer and heart disease. Women also face unique health effects from smoking such as problems related to pregnancy. (Women and smoking) Women should know the dangero us effe! cts of smoking and how tragically this habit can end their life as well as their children from smoking during pregnancy. Also, once they start smoking, it will be difficult to stop and that the health risks are very real and costly. Why do women continue to smoke today? There are three major reasons why women can’t quit smoking. First of all, they get addicted to cigarettes. Cigarettes have nicotine, which is very addictive. This chemical is so poisonous that only fifty milligrams (less than half an ounce) of it, injected into a vein, will kill a person. (Why quit smoking?) Also, when you get addicted to cigarettes, you depend on nicotine to control your mood psychologically, which lead smoking to become a habit. Because they always smoke in certain time, they feel like the... Free Essays on How Smoking Affects Women Free Essays on How Smoking Affects Women How smoking affects women â€Å"We are losing too many of our mothers and daughters prematurely as a result of smoking.† (Tommy Thomson, Health and Human Services Secretary) Cigarette smoking has been part of the American culture for decades. Smoking is the nation’s leading cause of preventable death, claming more than 400,000 lives a year, according to the federal government. (Neergaard) It has been proven time and again that tobacco products not only increase the risk of disease in humans, but also increases the chances of taking human lives. In 1964, the Surgeon General’s report on smoking increased awareness of the damage it causes among Americans. However, since that report, the war on tobacco companies has been focused on preventing our young people from starting the habit. However, America is not yet fully aware of the hazardous and devastating effects smoking has had on women. In 1999, approximately 165,000 women died prematurely from smoking-related diseases, such as cancer and heart disease. Women also face unique health effects from smoking such as problems related to pregnancy. (Women and smoking) Women should know the dangero us effe! cts of smoking and how tragically this habit can end their life as well as their children from smoking during pregnancy. Also, once they start smoking, it will be difficult to stop and that the health risks are very real and costly. Why do women continue to smoke today? There are three major reasons why women can’t quit smoking. First of all, they get addicted to cigarettes. Cigarettes have nicotine, which is very addictive. This chemical is so poisonous that only fifty milligrams (less than half an ounce) of it, injected into a vein, will kill a person. (Why quit smoking?) Also, when you get addicted to cigarettes, you depend on nicotine to control your mood psychologically, which lead smoking to become a habit. Because they always smoke in certain time, they feel like the...